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1.4    III  1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/iCMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historlques 


^1 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfiimd  le  meilleur  exempiaire 
qu'il  lui  a  et6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exempiaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommag^e 


□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endomma^^es 


D 
D 
D 
D 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicul4e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul^es 

^~7]    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
1-V  !    Pages  d^color^es,  tachet^es  ou  piquees 

□    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tachees 

□    Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


D 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


n 


Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  in^gale  de  I'impression 


D 


Bound  with  othar  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 


D 


Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


D 


D 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  marrjin/ 

La  re  Mure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  f^om  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  dune  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  Stait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 


n 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seula  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film^es  d  nouveau  de  facon  ^ 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires; 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

X 

haHwJ 

^^"^^ 

1S^ 

16X 

20X 

2m 

28X 

32X 

aits 

du 

difier 

une 

lage 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED '),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applie!«. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,     x.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  filmd  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
g6n6rosit^  de: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  filmd,  et  en 
conformit6  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim^.e  sont  film6s  en  commengant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qu:  comportp  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustraticn,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commenqant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impressiun  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidro  image  de  chaque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas;  le  symbole  — ♦-  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Stre 
fitmds  d  des  taux  de  ri6duction  diffdrents 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  k  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


rrato 
o 


jelure, 
1  ^ 


□ 


j2X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

..^■««^---"1|'! 


MdiU^iiiHMdfa'au. 


I  iiiriiiiii  ■Mfiiiinri-*'"^^^-**' 


i<r: 


KEEPING  ONE  COW. 


t 

0» 


I 


3 

ki 


BBIHO  THE  EXPEKIEHaE  01'  A  HTT.^EB  OF  FIAOTIOAL  W&1TEB8, 
IS  A  OLFAB  ABD  00HD£I8ED  FOBM, 

irPOK  TUB 

Management  of  a  i^ingle  Milch  Cow. 


X2.I.T78TBATaS. 


till  J 


J^ 


NEW  YORK: 

ORANGE   JUDD    COMPANY, 

JMf  BBOADWAr. 

1880, 


9h 


Entered.  •ccoMtg  to  Act  of  Ooimw*.  In  tho  jew  1880.  by  the 

OttANUE  JUUU   CUMl'ANV, 

Ux  U.0  Offlco  ot  lUc  Ubnurton  of  CoiiircM,  «t  WmUIukIoo. 


bytho 


,'iaii. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Etotj  hrvnn  U  ordlnnrtly  BtipiwHotl  to  keep  noTProl  cowii,  and 
tlioro  Is  no  reason  why  numt  families  In  villages  and  vrrv  many 
in  rltlra  should  not  pusscM  at  least  one.  Oood  ntllk  nffonlH 
tlio  l)CHt  of  nourishment  for  yonng  children,  and  goes  a  long  wny 
in  saving  l)utcben'  bllln,  imd  In  the  pn>paratlun  of  palatable  nour- 
ishing food  of  many  varletlcH.  Two  to  five  fumllics,  according  to 
a;,c  and  nunilxr,  can  readily  unite  In  having  one  cow  kept,  divid- 
ing tlu!  ndlk  nnd  cxpenscn,  and  thus  always  have  good,  pure, 
rich  milk  nt  very  moderate  co8t  The  suitable  rcfum;  from  the 
kitchens  of  three  or  four  families  woiiM  very  mi»ch  re<iuco  tho 
cost  of  purchiiHwl  foo<l.  In  nirni  villngeH,  summer  panturage 
can  lie  ol)tniucd  ncr.r  nt  hand,  which,  with  a  daily  feed  of  giMxl 
inea!  will  furnlsli  n  lar^  supply  of  ricli  milk  at  a  low  cost.  A 
boy  can  itc  secured  nt  u  Hmnll  price  to  drive  tho  cow  to  tho  posture 
in  the  morning,  and  return  her  at  night  to  the  staldc.  A  staolo  or 
stall  can  always  l>c  obtained  at  u  trilling  rent,  and  bo  kept  clean. 
There  arc  plenty  of  gardeners  or  farmers  who  will  gladly  take  tho 
manure  away  so  frequently  as  tu  prevent  it  being  a  nuisance,  ur 
disiigreeable. 

Wc  bavo  no  doubt  that  all  residents  of  Tillages,  manufacturing 
towns,  etc.,  can,  by  ormngemcnts  like  the  above,  secure  an  abund- 
ant supply  of  pure,  rich,  fn'sii,  healthful  milk  ot  less  than  three 
cents  per  quart,  and  at  tho  same  tmie  add  greatly  to  their  homo 
comforts,  and  preserve  the  health  if  not  the  lives  of  their  little  ones. 

In  February,  1880,  tho  publishers  of  this  volumo  offered  prizes 
for  threo  essays  on  keeping  one  cow,  indicating  at  tho  same  time 
their  scope.  Some  extracts  from  tho  explanatory  i-cmarks  accom- 
panying this  offer  may  fitly  outline  an  intnKluction  to  the  work. 

The  number  of  persons  who  possen  but  one  cow  is  far  larger 
than  those  who  have  ton  or  more.  No  doubt  many  others, 
living  outside  of  closely  built  cities,  would  gladly  lessen  the 
cost  of  supporting  their  families,  and  at  the  same  time  add  to 
their  comforts,  and  even  luxuries,  by  keeping  a  cow,  did  they 
know  how  to  keep  one.  There  is  a  general  notion  that  keeping  a 
cow  requires  a  pasture.  If  a  pasture  is  not  necessary,  they  do  not 
know  how  to  get  olong  without  one.  Dairymen  and  fanners 
learn  how  to  treat  herds  as  a  part  of  general  farm  management,  or 
in  books  on  tho  subject    There  aro  books  on  cows,  but  none  on 

(V) 


/ 


/ 


Yl 


INTIlODflTION. 


one  cow.    It  It  not  a  question  ..(  clnlry  fanning,  but  of  .lu  17  gnr 
denlDK     T)^^  off«r  wa.  nmdc  tu  dUll  luformallon  to  rM  ono 

^inu'to  be  ronM.U.rc.l  arc  :  .ho  Mublln«  or  Uou.lnR  uf  Uu.  .^S 
Iho  yanl  room  .hr  nquir.«.  unU  .!..•  Morago  or  dUp<«»l  -f  I  «r  ma- 
nuroi  lhoU.a.tar.a.,(  Imul  Ih-U  can  ....  .afc-.yMt  apart  for  ,be 
•upp^rt  of  tho  row,  a.ul  i,..w  ,  an  tl.nt  lun.l  bu  ..o.i  "'•''"'''.-J- 
b,  .I7h5  «wu.«r.l  that  tl...  lan.l  will  I-.  nu.U..  t..  protUu-.-  all    Im 
will  prottUibly  yUia,  w»«l'-b  ^vlll  brln;!  «.p  ti.e  qu«.ll.m  «f  nmnuro 
Tn"  fertnir.e«.  of  courn..  c..,n.ia.nn«  that  pr<M»»rc.    by  .ho  cow 
htrwlf.    What  proix.rtlon  of  .ho  proUucc  of  the  lan.l  1«  to  bo 
cured  for  winter?    How  much  focnl  mUHt  bo  <H,UKh.,  »nJ;^»"»»» 
How  Utho  cow  U.  bo  fed.  and  In  every  n-iKct  h..w  tn'-.ed  .0  aa 
.  «i.o  the  be.t  return,  to  her  owner  t    What  bI.ouUI  be  done  at 
calving  time  and  afterwards  T   milking  etc     I..  '•^«"' '''«  P^^, 
lem  l^lTenapo.Hjcow,how  to  gel  tho  brM  posnlblo  return, 
frllln  tli?lea«t  iM^Hnlble  portion  of  the  land  through  the  agency  of 

"  ThCwc  think.  U  «itlHf.»ct..rlly  answered,  if  not  by  any  one 
writer  certainly  by  wveral  coniblned. 

Wo  p^oaaaffontlnpiecc  tho  portrait  of  a  moat  fam;""  »"* 
ex«.llent  cow-not  .0  much  for  her  beauty  or  on  account  ot  l.e 
bnucl.  but  as  a  model  of  a  dairy  cow,  una  one  which  may  be  car- 
ried  in  the  mind  when  purchasing. 


k 


it  of  tialry  R«r- 
t  tu  rnnlilo  uito 
lU.     'ClH-  iimin 
liiR  of  lh«)  «<iw  i 
xMuil  of  luT  ma- 
I  iipurt  for  the 
It  iiiaimsjf*!.    It 
Kluro  nil  that  It 
Ntlon  of  nmnuro 
ceil  by  llio  cow 
ic  Und  l«  to  bo 
jj^bt,  nnd  wbot? 
>w  trtalcil  •<)  M 
ouUl  be  done  at 
»hort,  Uio  prob- 
posolblo  returaa 
lb  tbe  agency  of 

not  by  any  one 

lost  famous  and 
n  account  of  ber 
lilch  may  be  car- 


PUDLISIIERS*    ANNOUNCEMENT. 

Wo  bavc  now,  ucrordlnK  to  Ibo  lur.  cinsui,  n  iiopuliUlon  prrPB* 
ln«  clow)  iijxm  ilfty  Mllllona.  Enry  onu  of  thU  vunt  miinlMr  U 
Indlvlduully  interested  In  tho  mtik  <|uiMtion.  Wbal  U  tnu)  of 
|H'rliii|)a  no  otber  elumeut  of  fmul  and  noiirlftliniint,  ndlk  In 
consumed  bi  Miino  form  by  nli,  old  und  youiiir.  It  l«  Iwcaust)  of 
tIdH  nLt.'CMMurily  univcrsiU  pcrMonul  Interest  in  milk  tlial  Ibo  publith> 
crs  offer  tbU  roUime  widcli  almr*  to  sbow  all  bow  to  obtain  llio 
bcHt  n> Ilk,  plenty  of  il,  and  at  tbe  clicniK'st  roten.  Tbe  bcwk  em- 
broceH  tin-  ex|H'riunce  und  ailvico  of  able,  well  known  writers— 
lucb,  for  example,  as  Pn.fcsnor  Blade,  of  Harvard  College,  und 
Henry  E.  Alvord— eliciled  In  reHponso  to  propo«illon<<  presented 
by  tbe  I»ubllMliers  for  articles  u|K)n  tbe  subject.  Tbe  editorial 
supervision  of  tbe  work  ban  Iwen  In  the  bands  of  Col,  Mason  C. 
Weld  and  Profcftsor  Munly  Mile»— rccognl/.ed  authorilleH  on  Dairy 
Matters— who  would  have  included  many  other  valuable  and  in- 
teresting papcm  submitted,  went  It  not  tbut  they  would  have  made 
tbe  Tolumo  too  bulky.  Mr.  Orange  Judd  bus  udded  a  leaf  from 
his  pcrsonol  oxiM-rienco. 

The  topics  treated  are  only  thows  legitimately  connected  with 
tJio  subject,  yet  they  cover  a  wide  field,  und  will  prove  of  great 
interest  to  all  occupied  in  the  culture  of  the  soil,  while  as  a 
handbook  and  gtddo  to  those  who  keep  one  or  more  family  cows 
It  must  bo  of  almost  dally  practical  use.  Tho  prominent  subjects, 
■neb  as  soiling,  stabling,  care  of  manure,  the  tillage  of  tbe  soil, 
the  cultivation  of  various  crops,  care  of  tho  cow  and  of  the  calf, 
arc  each  lreate<!  In  detail,  and  yet  there  Is  so  great  a  variety  and 
•ucb  genuine  personal  experience  and  sincere  convlcllon  on  tho 
part  of  each  writer,  that  his  or  her  way  Is  the  best  way— as  indeed 
It  may  be,  under  the  circumstances— that  there  is  lUtle  or  noth- 
ing of  saracncss  or  repetition  In  the  book,  but  the  reader's  interest 
is  susUlncd  to  the  laat 


yn 


mttttmna-mm'MHt'mu 


I 


TAULE    OP    CONTKNTS. 


AiiMiiiMhU  III  II"'  ••••I'l"  ■  •  ■»•.  ij.  '■•i 
*  »»,M,1d,  >«»,  Hi». '1' 
AiMWU,  Dr.  »uJCr >'j-,f'j*  ,*Jj 

AuiM«i. *.•»;>'? 

••  fill  »i«  MwM i»; 

Artl'Uoll".  .lur.i.«kiii .«l  " 

••  Kii'iiiiiix.     ,.  .> 'i".  '•> 

»  Niiirlil«>>  V«lu«ur...T3.  7i| 

UnrlKT  M  »n  Aiiluiiiu  Crop Hit 

liirii-ll.'oHI«H'-. 

Ilirr*  l»x»l«m «'» ITMtllug ''» 

ilmmr • 11  'I 

"    Ilntlonafor "l.Jj 

'•    Hnnir«  In ...,,...,.... . .  .  —  2 

"    Yi  K-lilna  liil>rliill..  ....II,  W.  M 

ClHVcr  Willi""  nnil  Ui-il,  cniiiwiriil.,  HH 
C".ri.  ilnUlaii)  fur  iruUa4pr.JI|<.  U.  »•,  «»j 

t',impo.t  IIo»p  ...... .... . . .'••;'•  Jl'.  "' 

C.,w.Caro.lC..vl..ali,,.^«.in.4lj 

••    Canllntc »'•'*•*'• 


"    l)ryli.;(  Off. 'Vi     'iM 

"    Ouucrul  Trcolimint.  ^», -T.  aii,  n. 

gOi  W,  W.  I'w 

"     flow  to  *«Wl  •■  • f. 

••     Kept  III  lli-i  N"rlh  ...   •  •    vj  ■     » 

"    K.pt  In  N..W  York ^^  W, !« 

"    Koptin  tli"H"inl>.... ,*• 

"    Kvpt  In  tUo  KMUim  "'"J"*  ^-  •j'j*^ 

•'    Kepi  In  Ihn  Town ***<  '  * 

••    KcptlnOlil ,••  »» 

"    Kept  In  I',  iiii.ylvwil* 14,  M 

"    KiTptl»In»l'«i"»-v M 

•'    K«pt"ii  t'«<»<' C'«l "J 

"    Krirt  In  C»llf<irtili« »T 

"    Kept  In  *'onnucllcot  .  HO 

"    Kailon.fof SO.  W,  87,  « 

"    HI«lile<llnTowi;......  .^..    .  JW 

"    Ylcl.I..fMllk.lS,  41,67, nlU.  IS* 

(?ow  Doctor* * 

I)|lH>lli.rii"H<'i'  AlluionU 

UrnliilnirlJinil....       •••■•■ 'g 

Dronlh.  Ktrict»  of.  on  Milk ^.  » 

1)17  Fo<lder  for  Winter 87>  jOJ 

Dnnu  Henii.  Ihe }» 

KlUworlli'*,  ».v«lom  of  Foc«lln8....inB 

Kierflu*,  Neml  of. ol,vn 

KuKionlnir  for  tlio  Btiibl"'  ••.••••■    " 
FvifdlnK,  8y»t<n>  "'■  ■>».•'.  *>'^'  *^^ 

Kcrtlllfcm. rommi'n-lnl  47,  BO.  "i  I'l} 

FooU,  Ani't  lU-qulrcd  for  »  Year. 10,  M 

»        "  '•        Dally i'" 


(Imanil  Fm)),  (tat*  tnil  IVm 10 

llMy     mi,N.IOI» 

lUy'lv* W 

lliiiigitrliii  (Irnaa ION 

UtiKi,  Ari'H  M«'<inlr»'il...,0.  II,  10,  Wi  41 

MlA.  '.8.  m,  M^l.  Ml,  !<'•>.  in   II''.  I4S 

|.niiil,  N'liiii  Alii"".iiti«-i;'  IC  "iiiin  il      llO 

■'      HIiiplnitliitiiuHuutlliiudlCiiii  ins 

I,. ori'ii  ••  Heilillnit , .  la  l>4 

l.llirr  f<ir  B«iiaiu|( 1«,  Aft,w) 

Muniira .   tl.  ><«.  I«5 

••     Curt)  <>l  ...1»,  »i,M.  74,W.  I.i» 

"      llqnlil I'.H 

"      Hii|i|ily  liirrr««'il  liy  Hoil'ii  ■   in 

Milk  Flniforvd  ly  Tnriilp* 11 

W<!f<l« I«l 

'•    In  llio  ramllr-  H.  H,  6n.  HO.  IW 

MllklDtf HI,«'J.h;i 

••  Throo  Tlin«"«  «  D«y.7*.  tW,  104 
"       Prior  to  t»lvlnij    ..U7,  41,  ll.'» 

MllkPnII ..■•■. WJ 

MiH'k.  Vultin  t«  ail  Abwirliuiil .  HO 

I'nrliirlllon *"•  ij'" !" 

I'*.liirliiir.        .. . ■  »'.  « 

I'cM,  Ciinmla  H«W 3 

"     Cow >» 

ron-VInn  lUy •  •,    ■» 

I'lLH  to  Work  0»«r  M«Hiirc,   . .  .»t,  l'{T 

•'   III  Coinnm"'  Hnnr  Milk.. M,  TH,  110 

iToflii  of  KwpiiiB  Omu  0"w_ji.  aa.  -P. 

Mt.  INI.  1  In.  I'll 

lloot.,  t!ultur«  of. l«,4l.im,102 

••     t'lilllnff  Up :„_vjJ5 

••  HlorlnS  In  P't».U. «, «. «8,  ll8 
"      Blorl»Kl"  W'"''^^'"-       ./ ,u  S2 

n«ot  Crop*.  Arllclioko» •*.  70.  TO 

Carrol •*''H 

"       "       MnnKvl Ij 

"        "       Ihtranlria »• 

'•       •'       HnstrDcsla 10, 1».  iW 

"      Turnip* 40, «« 

Hoot  C«ll«r jj" 

^m^iff     ,,.,,,...  .••*«is 

»<•«  Wi'«il'«ii  nn  Abeorbont 04 

HIiiKlo  Inllin  Yard .■■  W 

Boiling  tropa •'•  "•  S 

•«  "    Alfalfa »T 

"  "    Artichoke! •■.  •« 

"  "    Cabbauea ■,  M 

"  "    Cnnaila  Pi'aa g 

"  ••    Cow  Piap" 5? 

••  ••    (loldun  Mllirt »,  HI 

»  "    llniiKarlan  QrnM.  .01,  im 

"  "    M|iiii"'»ol«Coni w 

"         "    Mlif'l  (lmK»o»..  11)0 

"  "    OnlaandlVaa H 

■•         "    Pi«« u 

..         •<    Hyi' *'•  l* 

Slabloa.  rimi».  cic ....  10,  17,  M.  «.  4», 


Dally 

Gurcf  t  (Tnflaniod  Ud<l«r) *'  !i5 

0^u.»c•^  MIxitI,  M  Boiling  Crop*..  108 
Omi>»  U-Pd  Mlxlnrca  •  ••l'« 

Oronnd  Feed,  Bmn •.■A.r,v2'' 

"  "     UoUon-«e«d  Oil  Onko 

Menl  S«,4-I,B7 

M  "     CornMunl.....87, 07, 60 

(VIII) 


Hi«l>1<i  Hi-qnliltea 


11,«.1 

Hmhic-Tle". „v  3 

T.ll.erlnir...   ..^ "•-  }•» 

Tniik  for  l.lqnld  Mnnuri! ....]» 

UiliUr,  IiirtuHininlloii  of. 80,  'JJ 


Vermin. 


80 


Wcuda  Flavoring  Milk IW 


irttnl 

1« 

fl,  II,  i«,ri,4i 

iMi,  in  W",  I'M 

l|.<|iilriil      1,11 
utlmudlCiiii  I'M 

,  i»,H 

1(I.»,H0 

...  II,  nn,  ins 

ki,  n.  14,  M),  l;1l 

IvH 

,(|  liy  Hiiil'ii  '    in 

il|» M 

(I* IIKI 

II,  H,  AM.  W).  I.W 
1.1,  W4.  M.i 

)  l)«y.7A  im,  104 
ng    ..l>T,4l,  IIA 

(uriHiiit..   .      M 

iyo.ri,inf 

*. 

It ■••      •••• *•!• 

»    •#••••*•■•*'• 

'..■■■■.■|i",iii.iw 

miiiri'.  ...Oiil?! 
rMllk..lW,  TV,  W 
oOiw  .11,  »,  «, 
M(.<IU.  lift,  iin 
....  nym.  HS,  »1 

....l».4l,«H,lfft 

'.ii.«o','arr,«iJ,i(i 

;-i)U HB 

"r.:.-.v..r:.S:5 

IM 

tM 

irlxint 01 

'.'.... '.'.'.'.'ti.a.n 

, OT 

Pii»» »• 

•. w 

Miiirt tn,  SI 

Ian  Urn»..tt3,  1<W 

<ita  I'orii Hi 

(lm»»vf V* 

1(1  I'lM « 

.■.'..■.'.".".'.".  wi.'lW 
..10,  n.  as.  4«.  4», 

14, 141, 19ll-lin-l»J 

II.IKI 

(KI 

116,  ll» 

iiuru 1** 

ii«.f. »).m 

■.■.■ioV9«,"4'«,M,io; 
Ilk •« 


KEEPING   (3NE    COW. 


TIIK    FAMir.Y    COW    AT    TIIK    NORTH. 

BT  MM.   I).   BOIfRIMOT,  OTTAWA,  UAHADA. 

Rbo'n  hnrnd  In  liir  lil|i>*  Aad  Iook  In  hrr  rump, 
A  •tmlijht  •nJ  lUt  iwMk  wllhoul  «v  r  n  hump, 
Hhx'ii  wlil'i  In  hrr  llp«  «n<l  cnlui  lii  hnr  Kye*. 
Bhv'i  Hoi-  III  hrr  nliouldiT*  *nil  tliln  In  hrr  thli(h«, 
Shv'a  ilnl^ht  In  ht>r  oMk  anil  imAll  In  her  tall, 
llh«'«  wUlu  In  hi-r  brnaat  and  u<>i>i|  at  thu  pall  | 
Rhtt'a  flnu  In  hnr  lxm«  and  allky  uf  akin, 
Sha'a  •  grasler  without  and  •  bDtelKir  wUhla. 

There  arc  MTerol  wayi  of  provldliiK  for  the  wants  of  a  cow, 
but  In  all  cases  It  Is  absoluuiy  ncccsHary,  In  order  to  obtnin  tho 
bout  rrsultrt,  that  certain  rulen  bo  followed  with  regard  to  the 
treatment  tho  cow  receives.  She  must  l>c  fed  ami  milked  at  regular 
times,  Ikj  kept  thoroughly  clean,  have  plenty  of  frecli  air  and 
water,  and  her  food  composed  of  those  substances  that  will  keep  her 
always  In  good  condition,  do  away  with  the  milk  bill,  reduce  the 
grocer's  account,  and  contribute  greatly  to  the  health  and  comfort 
of  the  family.  I  have  tried  various  things,  and  have  found  fn-sh 
grass  or  fodder,  proventler,  bran,  oil-cake,  niungels,  and  hay,  tho 
best  bill  of  fare  for  "Daisy"  or  "Buttercup."  Avoid  brewer's 
slops  or  grains  ao  you  would  poison,  for  although  they  Increase 
tho  flow  of  milk,  It  Is  thin  and  blue,  the  butter  white  and  tasteless, 
and  after  a  time  the  cow's  teeth  will  blacken  and  decay.  I  was 
told  the  other  day  by  a  very  lnt<  lll){ent  dairyman  that  after  feed- 
ing his  cows  one  season  on  brewer's  grains  he  was  obliged  to  sell 
hhi  whole  herd. 

YARD,  STABLE,  AND  RATIONS. 

Mr.  Geo  E.  Waring,  Jr.,  In  his  "  Ogdon  Farm  Papers,"  says  he 
expects  to  bo  able  to  feed  a  cow  from  May  fifteenth  to  November 
fifteenth  from  half  an  acre  of  ground,  but  the  average  citizen  had 

(») 


ii 


10 


KEEPINO   ONE  COW. 


better  not  attempt  It.  but  keep  bis  half  acre  to  raise  vegetables 
and  fruit  bnylnir  the  food  required  to  keep  bis  cow.  A  cow  can  bo 
made  very  profitable  if  kept  in  the  followlas  way.  First,  as  to  t»»c 
aceonmiodation  required,  a  yard  flf te-n  feet  by  tlf teen,  and  a  s  ab  c 
or  cow-shed  arranged  as  in  the  following  plan.  •»,  n.anure  sbed; 
Jt,  bin  fordrie<l  earth ;  0,  ow ;  />,  store-room ;  E,  wmdow  for  put- 
tl^gin  hay ;  i^,  door,  0,  trap  to  loft;  //,  feeding  trough  Have  her 
food  p-ovlded  as  follows:   into  a  common  pail  put  one  quart 


L.— 


C       H- 


B 


2. 


Fig.  1.— STABLE  AND  TABO. 


Of  provender  ("provender"  is  oats  and  peas  ground  together, 
andean  be  puichtsed  at  any  feed  etore),  one-quarter  pouml  of  oil- 
cake, then  fill  the  pail  nearly  full  ..f  bran  and  pour  bollmg  water 
over  the  whole ;  stir  well  with  a  stick,  and  put  it  away  covered  with 
an  old  bit  of  cari«t  until  feeding  time ;  give  her  that  mess  twice  a 
day.    Have  htr  dinner  from  June  to  November  consist  of  grass  cr 
fodder  cut  and  b.ought  In  twice  a  week  by  some  farmer  or  market 
jrardcner  in  exchange  lor  her  manure  and  sour  milk.    In  Montreal, 
f^ss^ndfodder  ar'e brought  to  market  l>y  the  "Habatants/    and 
sold  in  bundles.    As  to  quantity,  n  good  big  armfu    will  be 
sufficient,  and  it  is  more  healthful  for  the  ^o^  )'  i\ '«  ^  ""i° 
wilted.    In  the  winter  hay  and  mangels  are  to  be  fed  in  place  of 
the  grass  and  fodder.    Fhe  should  also  have  salt  where  she  can 
take  a  lick  when  so  minded,  and  fres.h  water  three  times  a  day^ 
The  yard  should  be  kept  clean  by  scraping  up  the  manure  every 
morning  into  the  little  shed  at  the  end  of  the  stable. 

The  following  table  shows  the  food  required  to  keep  one  cow 
through  the  entire  year : 

Huy,  the  best,  two  tons,  at  $10  per  ton. *!»-g" 

Sm'UindB  oi  Oilcake,  at  U  per  100  pounds »•"" 


Hiiv.  tne  Deal,  iwn  i«u»,  »>•  »i"  k"- 
300  pounds  of  Oilcake,  at  W  per  ] 
800  pounds  of  Proveuder,  at  »1  pe 


O  {ionnds  of  Prove..d'er,  at  ifpe^ioo  pVunds B-W 

Half  Eton  of_  Bran,  at  f  12  per  ton ■:;;;:■.;;;    1.00 

"147,00 


One  ton  of  Mangels. 


KEEPIN'Q  ONE  COW, 


n 


isc  vegetables 
A  cow  cun  bo 
i"ir8t,  08  to  the 
a,  and  a  stable 
manure  Bbed ; 
indow  for  put- 
igh.  Have  her 
DUt  one  quart 


ound  to!?ether, 
)T  pound  of  oil- 
ir  boiling  water 
jy  covered  with 
lat  mess  twice  a 
nslst  of  grass  cr 
irmer  or  market 
:.  In  Montreal, 
labatants,"  and 
armful  will  be 

if  it  is  a  littlo 
fed  in  place  of 

where  she  can 
EC  times  a  day. 
3  manure  every 
le. 
to  keep  one  cow 


$20.00 
8.00 
8.00 

.  e.oo 

,     5.00 


•47.00 


Your  cow  will  re(iuire  the  following  "  trcuasoau  " : 

OjiO  flvo-Kiillon  stono  chum f  1 .36 

Uiiu  unit  u  half  ilozi'ii  iiillk  puns,  at  I'J U.OO 

Uue  milk  pull  and  Htralncr 00 

One  buttiT  bowl  (wooduu) GO 

One  padilli'  und  print 9" 

Two  woodfii  pulU  for  feed 40 

One  card ■_      •'•i'' 

f.i.ao 

Cost  of  a  good  cow —  -lO-OO 

IniereBt  at  6  per  cent ♦  !J.OU 

Any  ordinary  family  will  take  from  a  milkman  at  lca.«t  one 
quart  a  day.  We  in  OtUwa  pay  eight  cents  periiuurt,  making  per 
year  (36«  x  8.)  |29.20. 

It  is  a  very  poor  cow  that  will  not  average  Ave  iMJunda  of  butter 
a  week  for  forty  weeks,  and  that  at  twenty-five  cents  per  pound, 
that  U  40  (weeks)  x  5  (pounds),  x  25  (cents),  equals  50  (dollars). 

So  the  account  stands  thus  : 

Butter 9^.00 

MUk -"ii«> 

Cost  of  food  for  one  year $47.00  )       50.00 

Interest  on  cow  and  trouflscuu a.O'J  )  ' 

ProUt .138.61 

LAND   AND   CROPS. 

I  have  found  that  two  acres  of  land  is  the  least  possible  area 
that  will  provide  cow-food  for  the  entire  year,  and  that  should  bo 
divided  tlius :  One  acre  for  hay,  the  other  for  fodder  and  mangels. 
If  you  have  no  land  already  seeded  down,  plow  up  your  cere,  sow 
clover  and  timothy,  aix  pounds,  of  each.  In  May,  when  the  grass 
has  fairly  started,  top-dress  it  with  two  bushels  of  land  plaster; 
if  you  can  apply  it  just  before  a  rain  it  is  the  best  time.  The  first 
year  you  will  have  all  clover  hay,  and  it  must  be  cut  before  the 
second  blossom  comes ;  if  not  cut  early  enough,  the  stalks  become 
tough  and  woody,  and  are  wasted  by  the  cow.  The  second  year, 
if  top-dressed  in  the  fall  with  the  manure  collected  during  the 
Bommer.  you  will  have  a  fine  crop  of  timothy,  and  if  the  land 
was  good  for  anything  you  can  cut  hay  from  it  for  tlirec  years  by 
giving  it  u  little  Kuiiiure  every  fall.  As  early  as  tl'.e  ground  will 
admit,  sow  some  pea.s  and  oats ;  one  bushel  of  each  will  plant 
one-third  of  an  acre.  Peas  do  well  on  old  sod,  and  are  the  best 
crop  to  plant  on  new  ground.  In  about  six  weeks  you  can  com- 
meace  cutting  it  for  fodder,  and  it  should  give  the  cow  two  good 


12 


KEEPIKQ  ONE  COW. 


meals  a  day  until  corn  comcH  In.    L.  B.  Amokl,  l.-i  "  American 
dTmus,"  flays  of  corn :  "  When  too  thickly  planted  it,  Bloms  «n.l 
LvZ  ar^  80ft  and  pale,  its  juices  tl.ln  and  poor.    If  sown  thin  or 
m  drillB,  90  that  the  air  aod  lii?htand  heat  of  the  aun  can  reach  1 
ami  not  fed  until  nearly  its  full  size,  .t  is  a  valuab  c  Bo.l.ng  plant. 
Sow  Mr.  Warinff,  in  "  Farming  for  Profit,"  says :  •  It  is  a  com-ion 
misTake  when  the  cor.  is  planted  in  drills  to  put  In  so  11  t  e  s.ed 
that  the  stalks  grow  large  and  strong,  when  they  ""  "^"f'^.^t'^^by ' 
the  cattle,  the  leaves  only  being  consumed.    There  shoud  be  for  y 
grains  at  least  to  the  foot  of  row,  which  will  take  from  fou   to  six 
bushels  to  the  acre,  but  the  result  will  '""^  ^^^^'f^  ^'^^  j£k  ,' 
the  corn  Btan.ling  so  close  in  the  row  wdl  grow  fine  and  thick. 
My  e^rience  tdls  mo  that  Mr.  Waring  is  right ;  any  v;ay.  my 
cow  win  not  eat  the  coarse  stalks  which  will  grow  when  the  corn 

'"  ^tlnlSiitro  reserved  for  mangels.  m««  be  the  perfection 
of  richness,  well  drained,  and  manured.  If  the  sod  s  deep,  you 
1  plant  them  on  the  flat,  but  if  the  soil  lsshallo^v.  Pl-t  them  «n 
ridges,  the  ridges  thirty  -ncheD  apart  (I  always  plant  them  in  hat 
way^-  then  thin  out  the  plants  to  fifteen  inches  apart  Ten  to 
rwelve  hundred  bushels  may  be  grown  on  an  acre,  but  the  ground 
nTi'stbo  properly  prepared.  In  storing  taem.  they  require  to  bo 
vercarcfully  handled,  as  the  least  bruise  hastens  decay,  and  we 
waT"  keej  them  f^esh  and  good  until  April,  when  our  cow 
ought  to  give  us  u  calf. 

WEAXINQ  THE  CALF. 

I  thought  I  had  tried  almost  everything  ^''f  ,'"S;°JJ;°  ^^^^^^^J 

cows,  but  when  I  undertook  to  wean  afive-weeks'-o  d  calf,  I  found 

my  education  In  that  respect  sadly  neglected.    I  f.sked  a  (arme^s 

wffe  how  I  was  to  manage.    "Oh,"  she  said  "just  d.p  your  finger^ 

in  the  milk,  and  let  the  calf  suck  them  a  few  times,  and  it  will 

soon  Cn  to  put  Its  nose  m  the  pail  and  drink;'    It  sounded 

Lple  enough  so  I  took  my  pail  and  started  for  the  barn,  where 

L7wretched 'animal  Blopi^d  me  all  over  with  "lilU.  bunted  mo 

round  aud  round  the  pen,  until  I  was  black  and  ^ue,  suek«l  the 

skin  off  my  finger,  and  wouldn't  drink.    After  trying  «»    '^•^>^«'« 

for  two  days,  the  calf  was  getting  thm,  and  so  was  I.    !"«•-«?"*•; 

He  t  the  pai^  of  milk,  giving  that  calf  a  fev-  words  of  wholesome 

advice.    When  I  went  back  two  h-^urs  afie.-.  the  calf  was  standing 

over  the  cmptv  pall,  with  an  expression  on  its  face,  that  I  trans- 

.     lated  into  an  inquiry,  as  to  why  I  hadn't  left  that  pail  there  before. 


KKEPIXli   ONE   CO\V. 


19 


••  American 
t'?  Bicms  nnil 
nvia  thin  or 
L>an  rcacli  it, 
iling  plant." 
19  a  coin  "ion 
;o  Utile  sscd 
neglected  by . 
Buld  be  forty 
n  four  to  Bix 
10  outlay,  ns 
and  thick." 
iny  woy.  my 
lien  the  corn 

he  perfection 
is  deep,  you 
ilant  them  on 
them  in  that 
jart.  Ten  to 
It  the  ground 
•cquirc  to  bo 
Iccay,  and  wo 
hen  our  cow 


to  the  care  of 
I  calf,  I  found 
cd  a  farmer's 
ip  your  fingers 
;s,  and  it  will 
'  It  sounded 
0  barn,  where 
ill,  bunted  nio 
uc,  sucked  the 
\rr  at  intervals 
I.  In  despair, 
of  wholesomo 
If  was  standing 
!,  that  I  trans- 
ul  there  before. 


I  liaro  wranod  sevc  r,il  c.dv.  s  since  tlicn,  but  have  never  had  any 
trouble.  Leave  tliem  with  t'.io  co.v  tiirco  or  four  days,  then  take 
a  little  milk  and  liolil  tiic  culfs  nnsc  iu  llic  pail;  it  must  open  its 
moutli  or  smotlier,  iind  wlien  once  it  testes  tlin  milk  will  soon  learn 
to  drink.*  When  it  is  a  week  old,  comment!  feeding  with  oil- 
cake,  skim-milk  and  mola-sscs.  Into  an  old  two-pound  peach  can, 
I  put  one  tabiesiKiouful  of  oil-eake  and  one  of  molasses,  fill  up  tlio 
can  whh  boiling  water,  and  set  it  on  the  stove  until  thoroujjhly 
cooked.  Tliat  quantity  will  be  its  allowance  for  one  diiy,  mixed 
with  skim-ndlk.  The  next  week  jji  ve  it  that  quantUy  at  each  meal, 
and  the  next  week  twice  that.  Tiio  ralf  will  then  be  four  weeks 
old,  and  the  butcher  ou?ht  to  give  you  a  price  for  it  that  will  pay 
for  all  trouble  and  the  family  milk  bill  while  the  cow  was  dry.  It 
does  not  pay  to  raise  calves  where  you  only  keep  one  cow.  (Mr. 
Cochrane,  the  owner  of  the  celebrated  cow  "  Duchess  of  Airdrle," 
tohl  me  the  other  morning  that  last  year  he  scdd  a  calf  of  hcr's  to 
on  Enjrlish  gentleman  for  four  thousand  guhieas  (twenty  thousand 
dollars).  I  think  it  would  pay  to  have  n  wet  nurse  If  one  had  a 
calf  like  that).  A  tablespoonful  of  lime-water  put  in  the  milk  now 
and  then  will  prevent  tlie  calf  from  "  scouring,"  a  complaint  very 
common  ai  mg  calves  brought  up  by  hand.  I  believe  that  winter 
rye  makes  u  valuable  soiling  plant,  but  I  have  never  tried  it. 

A    FEW    AVOIinS    AS    TO    GENEUAL    MANAGEMENT. 

I  f.iink  it  cruel  to  keep  cows  tied  up  all  summer.  They  do  not 
require  much  exercise,  but  fresh  air  they  must  h.ive,  and  it  is  a 
great  comfort  to  them  to  Ik  k  themselves,  although  they  ought  to 
be  well  curried  every  day.  It  is  better  to  mUk  after  feeding,  as 
they  stand  more  quietly.  Don't  allow  your  milk-maid  to  wash 
the  cow's  teats  in  the  milk  pail,  a  filthy  habit  much  in  vogue. 
Insist  on  her  taking  a  wet  elotli  and  wipm,!?  the  cow's  bag  fhor- 
ouglily  before  she  co-.nmences  to  milk.  A  cow  oiiglit  to  be  milked 
in  ten  minutes,  although  the  fir.^t  time  I  undertook  to  milk  alone, 
I  tugi^cd  away  for  an  hour.  I  knew  How  much  milk  I  ought  to 
■  have^^and  I  w.is  bound  to  get  it.  An  old  cow  will  eat  more  than 
a  young  one,  l)ut  will  kiv'o  richer  milk.  If  you  can  get  a  cow 
Willi  her  second  calf,  you  can  keep  her  profitably  for  five  years, 
when  she  should  be  sold  to  the  butcher.    There  is  nothing  that 

♦  It  l9  better,  08  o  nilo,  not  to  allow  tlic  calf  to  suck  at  all.  Aptnnsg  in  learn- 
ing to  drink  is  Inllucncod  by  heredity.  Calves  from  anccsloni  that  have  not 
boon  allowed  to  suck,  learu  to  drink  moro  readily  than  those  which  have  been 
allowed  to  run  with  the  dau. 


u 


KEEPING  ONE  COW. 


will  keep  your  cow-shed  bo  neat,  and  add  bo  much  to  the  value  of 
your  miinurc  pile,  as  a  few  HhovelfuU  of  dry  earth  or  muck  Ibrown 
under  the  cow.    It  will  alm^rb  the  liquid  manure  bettor  than  any- 
thing else.    Don't  allow  your  milk  pans  to  be  appropriated  for 
nil  sorts  of  houseliold  uses;  you  cannot  make  Bweet,  firm  butter 
if  the  milk  Is  put  Into  rusty  old  Un.    8klm  tiio  milk  twice  a  day 
Into  the  stone  chum ;  add  a  little  salt,  and  stir  it  well  every  time 
you  put  in  fresh  cream.    Use  spring  water,  but  don't  allow  ice 
to  come    In   contact   with  the    butter ;    it   destroys  both  color 
and  flavor.    If  your  cream  Is  too  warm  the  butter  will  como  more 
quickly,  but  It  will  be  white  and  soft.     When  the  cream  is  so  cold 
that  It  takes  me  half  an  hour  to  churn,  I  always  have  the  best 
butter     Don't  put  your  hands  to  it,  work  out  the  buttermilk  with 
a  wooden  paddle,  and  work  in  the  salt  with  the  same  thing. 
There  is  an  old  saying  that  one  quart  of  milk  a  day  gives  one  pound 
of  butter  a  week,  and  I  think  It  a  pretty  fair  rule,  but  don't  cx;-«ct 
to  buy  a  cow  that  will  give  you  thirty  quarts  of  milk  a  day.  There 
arc  such  cows  I  know,  but  they  are  not  for  sale.    Be  quite  satisfled 
if  your  cow  gives  half  that  quantity.    Placo  the  cow's  food  where 
flhc  cannot  step  on  It,  but  don't  put  it  high  up;  It  is  natural  for 
them  to  cat  with  their  heads  down.    I  think  it  is  better  that  the 
famUy  cow  should  have  a  calf  every  year,  provided  you  can  have 
them  come  early  In  the  spring  or  lute  in  the  autumn.    As  to  the 
time  that  a  cow  should  bo  dry,  that  depends  much  upon  the  way 
the  cow  was  brought  up.    If  she  was  allowed  to  go  dry  early  In 
the  season  with  her  first  calf,  she  will  always  do  it.    A  cow  be  ng 
a  very  conservative  animal,  she  should  be  milked  as  long  as  her 
milk  IS  good.    When  she  is  dry  stop  feeding  the  provender,  bran, 
and  oll-cake,  and  give  her  plenty  of  good  hay,  with  some  roots, 
until  after  she  calves.    The  provender  and  oll-cake  being  strong 
food  are  apt  to  produce  mflammation  and  other  troubles  atcalv- 
inir  time     You  can  feed  turnips  when  she  is  dry,  at  the  rate  of  two 
pails  a  day,  cut  up  fine,  of  course,  but  don't  feed  turnips  when  she 
is  milkmg     I  have  tried  every  way  to  destroy  the  flavor  of  tur- 
nips in  milk,  but  without  success.    I  have  boUed  it,  put  soda  in  it, 
fed  the  cow  after  milking,  but  It  was  all  the  same-tumlp  flavor 
unrawtakable-and  as  we  don't  like  our  butter  so  flavored,  I  only 
feed  turnips  when  the  cow  is  dry. 

The  Rev  E  P.  Roe  in  his  delightful  book  called  "  Play  and 
Profit  in  My  Garden,"  says:  "If  a  family  In  ordinary  good  cir- 
cumstances, kept  a  separate  account  of  the  fruit  and  vegetables 
bought  and  used  during  the  year,  they  would,  doubtless,  bo  sur- 


10  vnluo  of 
ick  tbruwii 
than  nny- 
priatcd  for 
Inn  butter 
wlcc  u  (lay 
every  tiiuo 
t  allow  ice 
both  color 
como  more 
a  la  so  cold 
ro  tbc  best 
;rmllk  with 
ame  thing. 
I  one  pound 
lon't  cx;-«ct 
day.  There 
lite  Batisficd 
food  where 
natural  for 
tcr  that  the 
>u  can  have 
As  to  the 
ion  the  way 
dry  early  in 
L  cow  beinft 
long  as  her 
cnder,  bran, 
gome  roots, 
leing  strong 
ibles  atcalv- 
6  rate  of  two 
ips  when  she 
lavor  of  tur- 
ut  soda  in  it, 
tnmip  flavor 
rored,  I  only 


KEGPINO   ONE  COW. 

prised  at  the  sum  total.  But  if  tliny  could  8«;o 
could  and  would  consume  If  they  didn't  hav 
would  be  a  very  mild  way  of  putting  it."  The 
to  the  keopint;  of  a  row.  Wc  buy  one  quart 
to  get  along  with  it.  Our  cow  gives  us  from  ten 
day  and  we  make  way  with  tlic  greater  part  of 
cow  and  a  garden  one  may  manage  to  live,  but 
according  to  my  ways  of  thinking,  would  be 
its  pleasures. 


II 

the  amount  they 
■e  to  buy,  s^urprlse 

Slime  rule  ai)plle!) 
a  day  and  Mannt<o 

to  twenty  quarts  a 
it.  I  think  with  a 
lifewithouv  either, 

shorn  of  many  of 


'i^r*^ 


^^>  »!»■ 


I  •'  Play  and 
ay  good  cir- 
id  vegetables 
bo  8ur- 


IT 


18 


KEEPING   OKE  COW. 


it ' 


H 


THE    cow    IN   THE   MIDDLE   STATES. 

BY  W.  h.  BVTTLEB,  OIBARD,  PA. 

Instead  of  wrUlntf  on  how  a  cow  might  bo  kept,  I  propose 
simply  to  tell  Just  how  wc  maiiiiKf  our  cow.whutwe  feed  \m, 
h„w  wc  procure  that  food;  In  fai;t  everything  relating  toherenre, 
so  that  any  one  can  go  and  do  likewise. 

"  Snot."  wc  call  her,  for  she  has  u  heautiful  white  spot  In  her 
forehead,  Is  not  a  Jersey,  for  we  can  not  atrord  to  huy  one  at  the 
prlees  at  which  they  are  held  with  us;  nor  h  she  a  '»'"''»"»?» '™ 
of  any  kind ;  yet  she  Is  a  good  c.w.  of  medium  size,  tills  a  t^eh r- 
quart  pail  each  night  and  mornmg,  when  her  n.ilk  mngood  tlox  , 
S.„t  rLes  a  thick  coat  of  rich  cream,  which,  after  In-en  chnrned 
furnishes  all  the  butter  needed  for  a  family  of  six.  and  some  o 
spare.    Our  place  i.  small,  only  two  ^f^es'ind  a  portion  of  this 
is  covered  by  the  dwelling,  barn,  poultry-house.,  etc.    The  fruit 
carden  occupies  about  one-fourth  of  an  ocre,  and  !«»"  t^'«  P""-' 
Uon  nothings  grown  to  furnish  food  for  "8iK.t."    Adjoining 
the  barn  there  Is  half  an  acre  of  the    land  In  good  grass,  or 
mostly  clover,  and  every  spring  a  quart  of  clover  seed  is  soj^n, 
BO  as  fast  03  the  old  plants  die  out.  young  ones  t;»ke  their  places. 
A  bushel  of  land  plaster  Is  sown  on  this  when  the  gross  begins  to 
start  in  the  spring     This  plot  produces   ft  very  heavy  growth  of 
crass  ond  clover,  enabling  us  to  cut  It  three  times  each  season; 
about  the  flret  of  June,  August,  and  of  Octol^r.    A  coat  of  fine 
manure  Is  always  spread  over  the  ground  Immediately  after  eacli 
mowmg.    The  grass  Is  mostly  cured,  and  makes  fine  hay  for  win- 
ter feeding.    Occasionally  a  small   portion  of   the  cn.p  Is  uschI 
green  for  sollin^r.    Besides  the  land  occupied  by  buildings,  fruit 
carden,  and  clover  plot,  there  remains   about  one  acre,  which 
we  call  the  giirden.    Here  are  grown  all  the  vegetables  for  the 
family's  u.se,  besides  some  to  sell.    About  one-fourth  of  it.  Is 
planted  to  Early  Rose  potatoes,  and  as  soon  as  these  arc  sufflc  ently 
line  for  U8«  or  market,  they  are  duii,  and  sweet  corn,  in  drdls,  for 
fodder,  is  sown  ui^on  the  land.    Another  fourth  of  an   ocw  is 
planted  to  sugar  beets;  the  ground  being  very  ri>  I.,  the  yield  is* 
always  large ;  this  last  season  (1879),  though  very  tlry,  1  harvested 
one  hundred  and  seventy-eight  bushels.     Our  cow  p  very  fond 
of  the  beets,  and  I  think  there  is  nothing  better  to  1.    p  up  a 
flow  of  milk,  and  they  give  it  no -bad  flavor,  as  do  tunups.    An 
additional  fourth  of  an  aci«  is  planted  to  sweet,  or  evergreen. 


KKin'INU   ONIi   COW. 


i; 


rES. 


,  I  propose 

D  feed  hrr, 
to  her  cnrc, 

Bpot  in  hiT 

one  at  the 
iroiigU-brcd 
lis  a  twolvc- 
1  good  flow, 
en  churned, 
nd  Bonio  to 
tlon  of  this 
The  fruit 
)mthi8  por- 
Adjoin  inj; 
hI  gross,  or 
eed  19  sojvn, 
their  places. 
189  begins  to 
T  growth  of 
eoch  season ; 

coat  of  fine 
ly  after  each 
hay  for  win- 
>rop  is  uschI 
ildings,  fruit 

acre,  wliich 
ables  for  the 
irtli  of  if.  is 
ro  sufficiently 

in  drills,  for 
f  an   acK  is 
I,  the  yield  is  * 
,-,  1  harvested 

p  very  fond 
to  i.  "p  up  ft 
I  turnips.  An 
or  evergreen, 


com ;  as  fast  iis  the  com  Is  piclicd  for  u«c  or  market,  the  green 
Htaiits  are  ciil  up,  run  tlm)uj;li  tlie  rutling-l)ox,  un.l  every  purtielo 
of  tlieiu  coiiMiiuii'd.  As  HDon  as  tin*  corn  is  all  harvcsti'd,  lli;> 
ground  it  ociiipii'd  is  tlinr.>u;;lily  llttcd  and  manured,  and  tin ii 
sown  to  winter  rye,  tit  l)e  used  for  soilin,'  tin-  next  sprin;r,  after 
wliidi  thi  f;i()tiiiil  is  ngain  pieparcd  for  corn.  Tlie  reniaiiiiiig 
fourlli  aire  is  d,  votid  to  early  pcm,  iK-ans,  ealil):igi'S  and  other 
garden  vegitahles,  As  soon  as  one  crop  is  off,  the  irround  is  pro- 
pared,  and  soiuitliing  else  Is  almost  always  planted  or  sown ; 
consequently,  on  the  most  nf  this  acre,  two  crops  are  produced 
each  KC.isdii,  except  wlui-e  sugar-beets  arc  grown,  or  lati! cabbages, 
wiiieh  reijuire  tlic  wliole  season  to  mature.  With  the  clover  on 
the  half  acre,  and  llic  fora,s;c  crop  and  roots  on  tlic  acre,  we  have 
not  only  had  aufllclent  foiid  for  tlie  cow  the  entire  mmsou,  but 
have  also  kept  our  family  horse,  witli  the  exception  of  one  load 
of  oat-straw  i)Uichas:il  for  time  dcdlars,  to  mix  in  witli  the  fml- 
der  corn ;  this  is  Imrd  to  cure  suflliiently  to  keep  bright  and 
sweet  through  the  winter,  but  by  mixing  a  layer  of  corn-fodder, 
and  ft  layer  of  straw,  it  all  comrs  out  nice  and  bright.  Besides 
keeping  botii  horse  and  cow,  we  have  marketed  from  this  little 
farm,  in  Itcrries,  vegetaliics,  Itulter,  eggs,  poultry,  and  one  fat  hog, 
weighing,  dressed,  over  three  hundred  pounds,  four  hundred  and 
sixty-eight  dollars'  worth  of  tlie  above  produce,  keeping  enough 
for  our  own  use,  and  salting  down  one  barrel  of  pork. 

THE  B.VnN. 

The  barn  is  twenty-five  by  thirty  feet,  with  the  stable  on  the 
south  side.  The  stall  for  "Spid"  is  five  feet  wide,  and  the 
floor  on  which  she  stands  is  five  feet  long,  with  a  manger  two 
feet  wide  in  front,  one  and  a  lialf  high  next  to  the  cow,  and 
three  feet  next  to  the  bam  floor.  She  is  fastened  with  a  wide 
strap  around  her  nock,  attached  to  a  chain  eighteen  inches  long, 
which  is  fastened  to  a  staple  driven  into  a  post  at  the  corner  of 
the  stall  adjoining  the  manger ;  this  gives  her  room  to  turn  her 
head  so  as  to  lick  any  portion  of  her  body.  Tlie  floor  is  made 
of  two  inch  plank,  lattened  on  tlic  under  side  with  thin  boards, 
raised  from  the  ground  ten  inches  in  rear  and  one  foot  in 
front ;  all  the  droppings  and  urine  fall  into  the  four-foot  alley 
behind.  This  alley  has  a  clay  floor  beaten  perfectly  solid  and 
level.  Next  to  the  stable  door  is  a  large  bin,  ten  by  seven  feet, 
for  storing  road-dust  or  muck ;  at  the  other  end  of  the  stable  is 
another  bin,  ten  by  eleven  feet,  for  storbg  leaves  for  bedding. 


~r 


18 


KEEPIKU   ONK  COW. 


Mv  ureal  object  Is  not  only  to  make  "Spot"  romforUl.lo,  and 
hnvc  her  «tul.lo  free   fn.m   nil   Imd   odorH,  Imt  to  lave  all  the 
innnnrp,  both  liquid nnd solid.    The h.Ht  uhnorlxint  Ih  <lrl<«d  muck, 
nulvcrizcil,  or  rond-duHt   from  clayt-y  rond«.     Ah  it  Ih  chh  cr  to 
pmourc   the   latter,  I  K^-nernlly  make   uk..   of  that,  an.l  nlwaya 
kcp  from  two  to  three  Inches  of  It  in  the  alloy  ;   thU  elT.'Ctually 
alHorlH  all  the  liquid  |K>rtlonH  and  all  offeimlve  odom.     Twice  each 
day  thlH  18  thrown  out  through  a  window  closed  by  a  HliduiK  Miut- 
tcr  In  the  rear  of  the  Htall,  under  a  shed,  where  It  remain-,  until 
wanted  for  use.    In  the  fall  I  «o  to  the  wooda  and  procure  a 
■ufflclent  quantity  of  leaves  ♦<)  lost  until  sprlnj? ;  a  liberal  u«c!  of 
tlie«e  not  only  makes  a  nice,  soft,  clean  bed,  but  largely  lncre»«-s 
the  quantity  of    manure.    The  stable  opens  Into  a  small  janl, 
across  one  corner  of  which  runs  u  small  brook.    Each  morning 
the  cow  Is  permitted  to  go  out  and  drink ;  If  the  weather  U  pleas- 
ant she  is  allowed  to  remain  out  an  hour  for  exercUs.     She  is  let 
out'thc  same  at  night,  after  sunset  In  warm  weather,  so  that  she  will 
not  be  annoyed  by  flies.    The  bam  Is  well  battened,  and  is  warm 
la  winter-   It  Is  well  Tenlllatcd  by  two  windows,  but  these,  in 
summer,  are  darkened  by  blinds,  with  wide  slats,  to  keep  out  flies. 

SYSTEM   OF  FEEDING. 

Each  morning,  while  "Spot"  Is  eating  her  breakfast,  she  is 
well  curried  with  a  curry  conb  or  card,  and  If  any  flllli  is  observed 
on  her  bag  or  teate  (which  Is  very  seldom),  they  are  carefully 
wa-sheil  off.  if  In  winter,  with  warm  water.     She  is  never  scoldwl 
nor  whipped ;  consequently  she  never  kicks  over  the  pall  or  holds 
up  her  milk.     She  Is  ietl  In  winter  with  a  peck  of  sugar-heeU  cut 
up.  both  morning,  noon, and  night;  also  a  bushel  of  cut  feed, 
either  corn-stalks  or  clover  hay.  -vet  with  a  pailful  of  hot  water, 
with  two  quarts  of  "  sugar  meal,"  or  bran,  thoroughly  mixed  to- 
gether,  with  a  little  salt  sprinkled  over  It.    I  generafly  use  what  at 
known  here  as  "sugar  meal"  to  mix  with  her  feed;   It  Is  corn 
meal  from  the  factory  after  the  sugar  or  glucose  has  been  ox- 
tracted;  U  costo  fwm  ten  cents  to  twelve  and  a  half  cenU  ikt 
bushel,  and  I  prefer  It  to  bran, and  "Spot"  likes  It  very  much. 
We  consider  her  a  machine  for  converting  the  food  we  give  her 
Into  milk,  and  the  more  we  can  get  her  to  eat  and  digest,  the  more 
milk  is  obtainetl.  and  the  greater  the  profit.     It  is  a  good  plan  to 
change  the  food  occasionally,  substituting  carrots  for  beets  clover 
hay  for  com  fodder,  for  brutes,  like  mankind,  are  fond  of   a 
wiety     There  are  root-cutters  that  can  be  procured  for  cutting 


a^fanjt'iwfr -''■'■  ■ 


KEKPINO   ONK  COW. 


19 


talilo,  and 
avo  all  the 
riod  muck, 
H  ciiHlcr  to 
ml  nlwnyi 

eiri-clually 
Twice  each 
uliiiK  iliut- 
naini  until 

pnwum  a 
tcral  URC  of 
ly  lncn'»se« 
«inall  yurd, 
:h  morning 
icr  la  picas* 

Sho  iH  lot 
iliat  she  will 
nd  Ib  warm 
ut  thoHC,  In 
:ep  out  flies. 


(faot,  Rho  ifl 
\  i8o*«erved 
re  carefully 
jver  Hcolded 
lalU  or  holds 
pr-bceta  cut 
)f  cut  feed, 
if  hot  water, 
ly  mixed  to- 
f  use  what  iB 

;  it  is  corn 
has  been  ox- 
alf  cents  ikt 
I  very  much. 

wc  give  her 
;e8t,  the  more 
good  plan  to 

beets,  clover 
0  fond  of  a 
id  for  cutting 


up  root*,  but  I  linvo  ulway*  uned  n  corninon  ipwlo,  ground  iiliurp, 
ttrid  un  enipiy  llniir  Imrrel  to  hold  tlie  licotx.  It  fikr»  but  s  few 
minut;  •  to  tut  u;t  a  mcs.i  of  bciln  hi  Ihut  way. 

MANlllK. 

Willi  a  bin  of  road-dust,  and  one  of  loave*,  a  winter's  supply  of  lit- 
ter in  Hwurod,  and  it  lHHurprlHln<  wliila  pile  of  miinun-  we  have  in 
tlie  spring.  Another  viilual)l«  Hoiirc -of  in  uiuro  U  tlio  plgHly,  with 
plenty  of  leave*  for  a  warm  lnul,  and  Hulllcient  road-duMl  to  ab- 
Borb  all  the  li(tuidM,  it  U  UHfonlnliing  how  clein  our  piifs  nr.-,  and 
tlin  Hty  Ih  free  from  all  bid  olort;  tlie  big  jKitatoes  and  niiimmoth 
bectH,  hUow  the  richnes*  of  tir>  pig-pen  fertilizer.  I  lliink  «»ur 
fifty  ben«  piy  for  :ill  tlii-lr  fooil  witli  the  droppingH  the  |M»ultry- 
houBO  fumiaheg.  Tiio  rcvxts  are  over  a  Hianting  platform,  whieii 
U  kept  covered  with  roal-dust  both  dummer  anil  winter;  tlio 
droppingH  fall  on  tliis  flcmr,  and  roll  down  Into  a  lari^e  box  twelvo 
feet  long,  t'ireo  feet  wide,  nn<l  three  feet  deep.  The  diittt  the 
chickens  work  down  with  tlie  dropping-*  Ih  Hufflcienl  to  alworlt  all 
the  ammoni't  and  preserve  all  the  fertilizing  <iualitieN  of  thin  most 
valiialiie  gimno.  A  largo  liox  of  road-dunt  la  always  kept  in  the 
waler-eloset,  a  liberal  uh?  of  which  fumlHiies  a  quantity  of  most 
valuable  fertilizer,  l)e«ideH  freeing  the  cloHets  from  all  noxious 
■mell:-  The  wash  water  anil  slops  from  the  kltc'icn  are  utilized 
by  being  thrown  on  a  pile  of  sods  and  other  rubbish,  wliieii  are 
forked  over,  and  as  soon  as  decayed,  carted  to  the  manure 
pile.  Fronj  so  many  sources  wo  ara  enabled  to  give  our  small 
farm  a  most  liberal  supply  of  manure  cacti  spring  and  fall, 
so  that  even  with  the  double  cropping  most  of  It  gets.  It 
continues  to  Improve,  and  yields  more  l)ounllfully  each  suc- 
ceeding season. 

CROPS  AND  TILL.VOE. 

In  the  cultivation  of  sugar  beets,  the  ground  li  first  manured 
hcavilj,  plowed  deep,  and  thoroughly  pulverized  with  the 
cultivator,  then  marked  out  in  nws  with  a  ganlen  plow,  two  feet 
apart.  Manure  from  the  poultry-house  Is  scattered  In  each  fur- 
row, which  should  bo  lightly  covered  with  soil,  so  tlio  seed  will 
not  come  in  contact  with  It ;  drop  the  seeds  about  six  inches  apart, 
covering  lightly  with  the  garden  rake.  When  the  leaves  are  about 
four  inches  long,  thin  out  to  one  plant  In  a  place,  and  fill  any 
vacancies  with  the  plants  pulled  out.  Hoe  them  thoroughly,  de- 
Bti^ijing  all  wectls,  -which  can  easily  be  done  by  cultivating  each 
time  before  hoeing,  with  an  arrow  cttltivator.    Keep  the  ground 


i 


I 


«n 


KKKIMNll   ONE  COW. 


mtlldw,  nn-l  niltlTiito  thro.)  or  fcMir  times,  nftrr  wlil.li  ili.y  «ii 
t ikc  nrc  .'f  Ui.iii^'lvoi  nml  onm  rov.r  tliv Kromi.t.  With Kmun. 
In  i:.M..I  .•..n.lltli.i.,  an.l  n  fntr  »on«)n.  Mx  liun.lr..!  t  ..itrlil  buiuln' 

l„Hli.'li  i..r  mr.-  vmx  1...  iMslly  |.r...l-i I.    I.  t  ili-ni  «r..w  uuill 

fro.t  ro\w»,  wh.-ii  ili-y  Hl.o.il.1  \y  .l«i«  wlfi  a  K>nlni  forU.lli.-  I..|h 
.  nr  oir  lui'l  tior.'.!  f..r  wInt.T.    Tli.mo  t.i  !..•  us  •.!  Muro  llu-  first  .T 
Murc'i  i-r-  "t  .r.a  In  tli«'  .■.•ll>r,  tli."  otli.T..  nr.-  lmrl<.l  in  .»  Um  |»lt, 
.*llMlni<mtaHlii.llow|)l:w.'.  |)illn«  up  tl..-  root*  Hli..ut  tlir.>.«  f.-.t 
liUh  .in.1  far.'.'  f«.«t  wli«'.  .ovcrlnR  w.-ll  wif.  Mniw  uiul  .ufflrlnU 
•oil  t.)  kwi.tlL'tn  fr.)ui  fro..«lnx,  puttlnK  In  ii.lmln-tll(«»l).)ut  cv.ry 
four  f. rt  In  tli.«  top  .)f  tli(>  pll<-,  with  ono  nul  to  |)roJ«'<l  »  imi'» 
tl,r..u.jh  Ih.)  .ovrhvA  for  T.'nllliill.);i.     If  tli<'  w.-iithrr  lH.-oin.« 
v.rv  .ol.l.  lny  a  firf  .)v.r  tlm  tll.<,  nn.l  r;Mn..T«  wlim  pi. iirint.    I 
«row  firrots  iiflor  thn  mime  pbn.  mul  nlom  In  Ilk.'  n.nnn.r.    I 
prefer  lKM.1*,  uH  th-y  nr.!  no  mu.li  hirg.'r  It  U  Io'.h  trouhl.^  t..  u'utlirr 
nn.l  t:»ko  .an-  of  tlmm.  niul  tho  cr..p  1^  cf!>«"r'»lly  ''"-S'T.  """/ 
ulwuy.  Rr..w  «..m«  .•iirr..ii.  for  ii  cluin«.'.    1  plimt  hW.t  cm.  In 
.Irlll '  ftlwayn  put  nomo  forllll/..-r  nhny^  tlio  furr-.w.  .Iropplnjt  tl.o 
k..rni.l«ulK>ut.4«htln.lu'H  apart,  with  th.-  rown  thr...  f..t  wi.l..  I 
c..mm«ntc  plantlnR  m...n  nffr  M.iy  llrnt,  an.l  .•..nllnuu  at  InttrvaU 
until  ab..ut  July  «n.t,»«  I  c:in  havo  a  fr.-h  supply  for  .w.nml 
market,  all  tlw  scaH.m.    Tlio  sweet  corn  huing  Rrown  on  the  plot 
sown  to  winter  rye.  for  BoliinR.  enables  u»  to  cut  i.,n.e  -.ortlonK  of 
It  twice,  before  the  ground  Ui  nceUcl  for  com.    When  «..win«  com 
for  fodder,  which  I*  d.mo  m  soon  ok  wo  onHuonco  dlK«inK  ho 
early  potato.:..  I  sow  it  in  drills  twa  feet  apart,  and  dr.p  Iho 
kernels  about  one  Inch  apart  In  the  drills,  nmnuro  fi-om  tlio  pl^Kly 
h  nrst  dropped  In  the  turn.w.  and  covered  wlU.  tol   at    e..st  tw., 
n chcs  deep: or  the  corn  will  not  como  up.    This  fertilizer  U  so 
■iron"  if  properly  used  It  causes  a  m.)9t  extraordinary  ^row  li  of 
'talks     While  the  com  is  small,  cultivate  It  two  or  thmMlmes 
with  o  narrow  cultivator,  when  It  will  take  caroof  Its.jlf,  and  thero 
will  bo  a  surprising  growth  of  stalks;  I  have  them  often  six  feet 
•  hl-rh     Ju^t  before  time  for  frosts,  cut  with  a  scythe,  and  set  up  n 
rmall  bunches  bound  around  the  top.  and  leave  to  cure  until  cold 
weather.    When  it  Is  to  b.  put  in  the  mow,  spread  "It'-'n'^t^jy  » 
ayer  of  stalks,  and  a  I.yer  of  straw,  and   it  wil    ke.-p  bri,;bt 
Ji   sweet  until  wantr'd.    The  rye  for  spring  soiling   is  8..wa 
when  the  Bweet  corn    is  picked,  ond  stalks  rcinove.     In  .1  ids 
about  ten  inches  apart.    Fine  manure  is  spread  on  the  ground 
after    plowing,  and   thr.roughly  ml.xed  with    the   ""rfa.e  soU; 
one  or  two  hoelngs  being  given  to  keep  the  ground  mellow; 
to  destroy  any  weeds  that  may  make  their  appearance.    By  JUy 


XKKI'INU   ONE  C'UW. 


21 


li  Ihry  will 
Villi  unmml 
rhl  UuiMln'-l 
i;r<>w  inilU 
)rU,lln'lt)|H 

•  till'  flrxt  «»f 
I)  It  li)iii(  pit, 
t  llirri'  U'vt 
11(1  Kiinirlrnt 
iiImiuI  i'viry 
Jci'l  n  litllti 
licr  iK'ciiiiira 
plcnxuit.    I 

iiinnncr.  I 
lili>  ID  Kiitlii  r 
ir;;iT,  Mill  I 
ri'i't  etirii   In 

itroppliiK  tl>" 
'  fcit  wide,  I 

•  at  IntirvnU 
for  «s<\iuul 
on  tlio  l>li>t 

n  -mrtloim  of 
I  dowliij^coru 
J  (IlK^lnn  til" 
iiul  »lr)p  111" 
in  tlm  pl)i«ly 

nt  IvtiHt  two 
urtiliziT  Id  no 
iry  urowtli  of 
r  llin'«(  times 
«'lf,  nnd  tlu're 
)ften  bIx  feet 
nnd  sot  up  In 
urv  until  coUl 
I  alU'rnately  a 
1  kci'p  l)rl(0>t 
lling    is  sown 
ivcd,  In  drl'ilg 
^n  the  j?ro"nd 

Burfat'c  soil ; 
ound  mellow; 
ince.    By  May 


first,  the  early  sown  rye  will  rover  the  aronnd  wUU  a  densa 
Krowlli,  lit  lea.Hl  fniir  fi-tl  lii'^li,  furiiUliln,'ii  larni-fpiiinilly  of  nuMt 
niitrllloii*  K"<'n  f"'><l.  On  tlioM-  porlloim  uf  llie  plot  wIhti'  the 
liitcitl « orn  U  to  lio  pluntcd.  two  or  three  «utiinKH  im-  inmie ;  thla 
jllvoH  nioHl  exeellnit  foixl  for  the  <ow,  .muI  the  ipiunlliy  (jrown 
on  till*  fourth  of  iiii  ure  will  mirprlne  miy  one  who  Iium  never  tried 
It.  There  l»  quite  u  plot  of  early  pi'iw,  ami  !«>*  ho(ui  iii  tin-  IukI 
picking iK-eiirH,  while  the  vineii  arc  (jrein,  they  are  pulh-il  ami  fid 
to  "  H|M»t,"  who  relUheH  them  very  niueh.  Turnips,  or  corn,  aro 
utonec  sown  on  the  Kioiind  where  the  peon  were. 

When  our  curly  eiihlia^es  are  taken  up.  all  the  leaver,  nnd  much 
of  the  Hlalkx,  are  turn-d  Into  milk  liy  takinK  them  to  the  cow's 
manner,  and  the  ground  at  onco  planted,  or  nown,  to  Romethins 
that  will  iniiko  inoro  focKl.  The  boet,  carrot,  nnd  tiirnl|»  tops,  and 
late  rabluRC  leaven,  make  quite  a  quantity  of  feed  late  m  the  fall, 
if  larc  U  taken  in  sivln^  and  prwrvlng  Ihein.  t'onnlhly  there  may 
1)1'  8r)me  hetter  foragf  enip  than  "  evcrRrcen,"  or  suKar  corn ;  I 
think  another  full  I  will  try  the  Minnesota  Amber  Sugar  lane,  In 
a  small  way.  I  tried  Pearl  Millet,  In  one  row,  this  Hca.son ;  It 
tillered,  or  spread  wonderfully,  l»ut  did  not  do  so  well  as  the  com, 
lis  III"  Ht  ilkrt  wen'  siiiall,  and  the  millet  maken  such  u  feehle  growth, 
al  llrxl.  It  require:*  the  whole  season  to  produce  oa  much  fodder  as 
I  set  from  cum  sowed  the  fourth  of  July. 

CALVINO. 

I  nener.illy  manage  to  have  the  cow  come  In  about  the  first  of 
8«'pteinl»er ;  by  that  means  the  nix  weeks  time  she  Is  ollowed  to 
Ko  dry,  (Mcurs  during  the  warmest  portion  of  the  summer,  viz.,  in 
July  anil  August,  when,  with  the  facilities  the  itcrscm  who  keepn 
but  one  cow  possesses,  it  U  difllcult  to  make  good  butter.  This 
Is  also  the  season  when  butter  most  generally  sells  the  lowest. 

The  calf  is  taught  to  drink  after  it  in  a  week  or  ten  days  old, 
and  fed  on  a  porridge  niado  from  skim-milk  and  wheat  middlings, 
or  shorts;  by  the  time  It  U  six  weeks  or  two  months  old  it  will  bo 
well  fattened,  nnd  can  bo  sold  to  the  butcher  for  veal,  at  a  good 
prlc3,  for  at  tliat  saiison  of  the  ye.ir  venl  Is  siarco  and  in  demand. 
Tho  caw  b'ing  in  full  flow  of  milk  all  winter,  when  butter  Is  most 
Always  hiaih,  will  pay  a  good  profit  for  her  feed  and  care.  A 
couple  of  weeks  prior  •<>  tho  time  the  calf  should  be  born,  I 
make  a  box  stall  on  tho  barn  floor,  and  ptirmlt  the  cow  to  run 
loose  in  it  until  tho  rnlf  is  taken  nway  to  learn  to  drink.  During 
this  time  she  should  have  n  good  bed  of  lenves,  nnd  tne  stall  Ikj 
denned  each  night  nnd  morning.    So  far  at  such  times  I  have  ex- 


Illi 


m 


g|  ttlPINO  UNK  row. 

",  ™;  and  "tnw  TIMS  land,  «bo«t  .no  half  of  It,  l.u- 
rUuccd  adJuTon.  full  crop,  for  ll.c  ««,  of  the  fanuly,  or 
ma  kH  w2  the  i..ur  .nllk  nnd  buUcnn'lk  ..r.  iarBcly  a«BU|Ud 
Tmlng  iVun.drcd  ,MMmd»  of  pork.  The. alt,  ,Ule«i  ..n 
:n!:;nfhB  of  .^,  wa.  .oW  for  ciKht  d.  ,1.  .^  ^.^  more  - 
naid  for  the  extra  feed  houRht  for  the  cov. .    Tl- )  tamay  wliiei.  i  m 

few  and  what  can  be  more  d.lieloua  than  a  nice  di«h  "|  "t™"- 

Tat  b^nS  derived,  it .«.  «>  to  npeak,  surpr.ing  that  any  famUy 
•hould  r€Bt  gatUfled  without  i)OMe89ing  a  cow. 


it  \n  \K)iWt 

imUT"     K'f 

trin  iilopit  It 

.  Thin,  M 
lofin  by  In- 
ht  iliH  ilUli, 
libort  lluiii 

mr  OMr  «'«iw 
|ii  'VI  iiu'nU 

llll  of    III" 

I  i.  kept  of 
t  wf!  oUnyi 

0  (n  Mparo. 
J  |¥irtliio  of 
iivl^inrc,  wo 
(uinlly  in  «u 

wi>  for  lioth 
Blrow.    Th« 

1  iliiring  llio 
My  more,  of 
t  f(<d   to  tliu 

bo  crciliU'il 
L-re  of  land, 
,  doUars  fur 
If  of  It,  buM 
xo  family,  "r 
rirnly  nitHwlfil 
.  kt  IcM  tilun 
mure  that) 
.ly  which  hwi 

iind  betn-t\l» 
tites  ore  often 
nilk.  Crram, 
ul  realized  by 
lish  of  straw- 
e  consider  the 
Bted  with  tho 
int  any  family 


J*' 


KEEPIXO   O.VR  row. 


25 


TlIK    cow    IN'    TIIK    OrLF    STATKS. 
BT  OROKOF.  o.  uirrei,  mobilb,  ala. 

For  BPvrml yrnrs  I  lind  l)c<n  «'xprrhiu'nlini:  on  n  smnH  stal''  in 
Boiliii}?  caltlc.  My  i.rrai>f  limd,  howrvcr.  wiw  cxtn-tlini^ly  liniitr-l, 
lifiajf  only  ii  porllon  of  Iho  kitclu'n  gunkn  of  n  city  nsi- 
denre,  but  my  hihtcss  wiih,  evrn  In  thin  Hinali  way,  so  sat- 
lufactory,  tliat  I  dctermimcl  at  Homo  fulun)  day  to  try  It  on 
a  more  exti-nsivo  H-alo.  My  nadini;  and  exixTicnc'  ronvinncd 
me,  tlial  in  our  favored  soulliern  elimato,  a  half  acre  of  lund, 
intelligently  cultivated,  would  produce  a  Kuppiy  of  Utot[  amply 
Buffleient  to  support  one  cow  throuuli  tlie  year,  and  eircum- 
Htanew  favorinn,  I  determined  to  try  the  ex|»«Timent.  In  April, 
1870, 1  heeanie  owner  of  a  lot  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet  Ion;; 
by  one  hundred  and  twenty  wide  in  the  rear  of  my  premisen— 
the  greater  portion  havinff  been  used  ns  a  grass  plot  for  a 
horse.  I.  immediately  beiraii  by  fenning  off  a  portion  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  feet  by  two  hundred,  running  a  wagon-way 
eight  feet  wide  down  tiie  center,  which,  with  the  space  occu- 
pied by  the  stable  (siy  twenty  by  thirty  feet),  left  nearly  twenty- 
two  thousand  feet,  or  within  a  frot^tion  of  half  an  acre,  for 
actual  cultivation.  The  land  was  a  sandy  loim,  ';cvcred  witli 
a  thick  sod  of  Bermuda  and  other  grasses.  Years  before  it 
had  been  cultivated  as  a  market  garden,  but  latterly  given 
up  to  gras-s ;  It  sloped  to  the  sotitli  sufficiently  to  favor  goo<l  drain- 
age. In  and  around  the  stable  wa.<t  a  go«KlIy  lot  of  manure,  which, 
during  April,  was  spread  upon  the  land— some  forty  cart  loads*. 
On  April  twentieth  the  bnd  was  thoroughly  ploip?'.!  with  a  two 
horse  turning-plow,  and  harrowed  until  finely  pulverized.  On 
May  first,  I  planted  one  half  of  the  land  in  Southern  field  corn. 
In  drills  two  feet  apart,  with  the  grains  about  one  inch  apart. 
The  rows  were  lengthwise,  to  render  after  cultivation  more  con- 
vcuicnt.  On  May  fourth,  sugar  ci>rn  was  put  In  one  half  of  the 
remainder,  planting  at  the  same  distance  as  the  larger  variety. 
May  sixth,  the  remaining  fourth  was  sown  heavily  with  German  <.r 
"Golden  "  Millet,  In  drills  twelve  Inchea  apart.  Seasonable  show- 
crs,  followed  by  warm  sunny  days,  soon  produced  a  vigorous  ant 
rapid  growtb.  On  May  fifteenth,  a  Tliomas'  harrow  was  mn  over 
the  first  planted  corn,  and  six  days  later  over  the  second  plantinfT, 
and  over  the  millet.  On  May  thirtieth,  tl.«-  com  was  plowed,  fcl- 
lo  wed  by  a  good  hoeing.    A  fortnight  lalci ,  a  second  and  last  hoelnj 


20 


KKKI'IN"   ONK  row. 


w,m  frlvrn.   Tim  mlU.l  whh  nl.o  IkkU  IwI.t,  «flrr  wli.rli  U.c  utow  h 
HlVHuull.  Hh..t...l  tl...  ^.T.mn.l,  nu.l   H.uh  pr-v-nu.    U-'  Kr-.Ml. 
„(  w.-lH.'    In  llu-  in..u..li.n..  I  l.ml  npi.lr.Ml  ll.n  hIuI.  <•,  un.l  lui.l  a 
lariro  .U,..r  ml  Inio  ll.c  hI.I.  n.xl  to  tl..-  oriKit.ul  lot.  u.h   n.u.l.'  a  Hlall 
for  our  iH't  .!.•««•>  n.w,    Tl...  iL-r  w.ih  . ypr.H.. ll.r..'  J.uh-s  .1.  ck 
a,ul  Hi.. ..'.»  Hll«l.tl.v  fr..n.  tl..'  u.uub.t.     By  u.tUHl  n.t'.iKur.'.ncn  <> 

1„.  H„n.l  .Hn.pl..»  «.y  tl..-  .-ow  -K'ivinB  ju.l^  r.......   f.-r  her  1. In.l 

f.vl  I.  .l.ur  tl..-  H,uu.-,.»  lro.ii;h,  .'iKi.t  i..d..H  d<o|>.  '""1  "^'V  " 
wi.U-,  w.«   ".iul.;    to    nciivo    ll.c   iirln.-    and    dn-PPinK^     The 
I  IW^H   f.mr  .mdono   l.alf  f.ot  wid-,  tl.o  Hld.-«  c.,.nl..K  on- 
y  h.dT   ..c  kngth  ..f  Ih.  oow.  an.l  junt  her  hiKht.    Tl.o  mu..«.r 
.xt*-mlodt.ntir.-lyucr»sHU.c  Htnll.  wuh  tw.lvc  i,ul..-H  wi.U^  ut  tl.o 
,.SrHn.    oil^.t.-.-n  nt  tl.o  t.,p,  un.l  tw.-lvo  d..p.  .1..-  bottom 
K.  ng  t:v..lvc  inches  alK.vo  the  rtoor.    The  fastening  cnnM  of  a 
flvc^ighlhs  mm  rod, pawing  fn.moncHidcof  tht-.l.dl  t..  the.. the  . 
along  the  center  of  the  manger,  and  one  inch  fr.,m  it    On  U.b 
r.Hl  w.m  a  ring,  to  which  was  attach«l  a  ahort  chain  that  .•me,,  in 
a  snniM-.it^h,  to  attach  to  a  ring  fastened  to  the  hca<l-stall-tlio 
leacJltall  be'log  ma.le  of  goo.1,  broad  h-ather.    Usually  In  tun>lng 
ho  cow  out  in  th.  .....niing.  the  head-.tall  was  unbuclcle.1  a^d  It 

In  the  .table  ;  t..  fasten  agam  was  but  a  moments  work  By  tlta 
armngcmentthecowliad  (idl  liberty  to  move  Ler  head  without 
I^^Liblllty  of  getting  fastened  by  the  halter.  The  iM.ttom  o 
S  Zm  was  mado  <,f  slats,  one  half  inch  apart  «.  "'at  no  dir 
could  collect.  For  feeding  w.t  messes,  there  was  a  Ik,x  ma.le  to  fit 
one  end  of  the  mangej,  which  could  be  rem..ved  to  be  washed  with- 
out  trouble.  With  plenty  of  sawdust ,  costing  only  the  hauling,  per- 
feet  comfort  and  perfect  cleanliness  were  matters  of  course. 

Attached  to  the  sUble  was  a  lot  fifty  by  fifty  feet,  where,  In  pkas- 
ant  weather,  the  cow  was  turned,  but  free  to  go  in  and  .)Ut  of  her 
sSl  at  pleasure.  Inthlslotwasatrough.connccted  wiUit^e  pump 
where  a  supply  of  clean  and  fresh  water  was  always  kept.    Daily 
i>,l9  ttx)ugh  was  emptied  and  thoroughly  cleaned.    A  cow  may 
ca  dlrtv  feed  occasionally,  but  sec  to  It  that  the  water  she  drinks  Is 
pure     Unless  this  Is  attended  to  her  milk  is  unfit  fr.r  human  fo<Kl. 
The  manure  trough  In-lng  supplied  with  sawdust,  the  urinf, 
as  well  as  the  droppings,  were  savnl  and  removed  daily  to  a 
covered  shed  located  in  one  comer  of  the  lot.  where  It  was  kept 
moist,  and  worked  over  occasionally.    Our  J^>^y  ^''^J*"^  ;*;^,^ 
her  second  calf  about  June  twentieth,  but  was  still  giving  milk 
in  April  and  May.    Her  feed  from  May  first  to  June  fifteenth 
waa  the  run  of  a  common  pasture,  with  o.  mcas  twice  daily  of 


•T*""'** 


II 


1  the  irrowth 
tin'  univvtli 
r,  unit  liiiil  a 
iiiiult'  U  Htllll 
iK'lirs  thick, 
Hiin'inciit  of 
)r  her  hhul 

twul  llftrrn 
pinni*.  Tho 
toinliif?  on- 
Thp  umiintr 
wide  ut  the 

th<'  bottom 
>n8lMl<Hl  of  a 

to  the  other, 

it  On  UiiH 
hat  cndal  in 

!tt(l-9lall— tlio 

y,  In  turning 
kl»l  and  left 
urk.  By  this 
icad,  without 
he  l)ottom  of 

0  tliat  no  dirt 
)x  made  to  fit 
washed  with- 
B  liauling,  p«T- 
coursc. 

lierc,  in  pleas- 
nd  out  of  her 
•ith  the  pump, 

1  kept.     Daily 
A  cow  may 

r  she  drinks  is 
r  human  fwKl. 
ist,  the  urine, 
h1  daily  to  a 
re  It  was  kept 

was  due  with 
li  givinsi  milk 
June  fifteenth, 

twice  daily  of 


ivKKI'IMt    ONK   •  0\V, 


■47 


wheat  Itriin  mid  f«m   meal,  with  hny.     Mu  .Fun*-  first  nlii'  win 
drird    iiji  for   :i  lirUf   r<->iiiiL'  b|i<ll.     -Iw.i-    lillniiiii    Wf    !m«;i«" 
ciiUini,'  the  -imiir  lorn,  now  wiiii  lilgli.     ThU  was  run  throiiKli 
a  <uti(r  (ni!ikiii»,'  mitt  llini -(lUnrtrrH  of  an   imii),  and   fed   to 
lnT    three    times  a  day,  first    sprinkling   two  <niarlH(>f   wheat 
hrun  over  the  »(»m,  and  (onlinulnj,'  lli<:  hay  feed  twice  a  day. 
At    the    wirne   time   hhe  w.im    tiken   from    thi;   pasture,   not   l<» 
p)  on  a^min  Miilll  tliis  experiment  was  finlMied.    June  twenly- 
wMon<l    her  iid  l<r   was  ho  distended.   It   was    deemed    prudent 
t.r.  Ufve  it  by  ndlklnj?.     Thlh  was  done  twiee  a  day  for  lline 
days.     Here,  ut  the  South,  there  Is  a  fooll.-li  prejudice  ai,'alnHt  doinu 
this,  the  belief  Iwlnj?  strong   anionic  the  ijfnorunt  ehiNWH  that  it 
will'  cause  the  death  of  the  coming  calf.     In  Home  Instuncrs  I  have 
fouiKl  It  neecHsury  to  nlleve  th(!  udder  daily  for  a  week  lictore 
calving;  I  never  knew  any  evil  to  result.     At  dawn  June  twenty- 
flftli  Ihvrc!  was  a  fine  heifer  calf  beside  her.     As  »o«m  as  con- 
venient the  cow  was  thonMigldy  udlked,  and  a  bucket  of  water, 
with  one  quart  each  «'f  corn  meal  and  wheat  bran  stirred  In,  and 
a  pinch  of  salt,  was  given  her,  :.nd  nothing  else  except  water  for 
twenty-four  hours.     At  evening  she  was  again  milked  to  the  last 
drop,  and  the  calf  left  with  her  during  the  night.    Next  morning 
a  small  feed  of  three  quarts  of  wheat  bran,  and  one  quart  of  com 
meal,  nmde  pretty  wet,  was  given  her,  and  her  udder  again  thor- 
oughly emptied.     After  milking,  a  small  feed  of  hay  waa  given, 
unci  a  pall  of  water  placed  near.    The  calf  was  separated  from 
her,  but  wlthlu  Right.    At  mid-day  the  calf  was  allowed  to  take 
her  fill,  and  afterwanls  the  udder  stripped.     At  evening,  as  the 
cow  Bcemctl  to  be  free  from  any  indications  of  fever,  or  Inflamed 
iMg,  she  was  given  a  full  mess  of  com  meal,  wheat  bran,  cotton- 
•'>cd  meal,  and  hay.     Her  calf  took  her  (-upper,  and  the  udder 
wa-s  again  stripited;   that  night  the  calf  was  taken  from  her, 
never  to  ruck  fxgaln,  as  fresh  milk  in  a  city  was  too  valuable 
to  feet!  to  even  a  registered  Jersey.    Having,  in  years  pwt,  lost 
several  very  fine  cows   from  over-feetllng    and    under-milking, 
at  cilving  time,  I  cannot  urge  too  strongly  what  Col.  Geo.  E. 
Waring  calls  "  high  starvation  "  at  this  critical  period  in  a  cow's 
fife.    If  a  cow  has  been  decently  cared  for  np  to  the  day  of  calv- 
ing, ah?  needs  nothing  but  rest,  quiet,  and  a  light  mash,— warm  in 
cold  weather— for  twenty-four  hours,  and  then  but  light  feeding  for 
two  or  three  days.    But  be  sure  to  empty  her  udder  completely  at 
least  twice  every  twenty-four  hours,  and  if  the  cow  b  a  deep  milker, 
then  three  times;  with  thU  treatment,  the  feed  can  be  gradually 
increased  to  all  that  she  will  eat  np  clean. 


JH^  KEEPINQ   ONE  COW. 

TEArmm*  the  calf  to  prink. 
It  18  a  very  easy  mnttcr  to  teach  n  calf  to  drink  milk,  when  one 
h«« Veen  the  thing  done.    Next  morning  t»d«  calf  was  impatient 
f"    er  m'"sof  warm  milk. ...  after  milking  her  dam.  1  took  a 
BhaSlow  pan,  and  putting  two  quarts  of  n.ilk  into  .t  pr(«ceded  to 
X  the  fl"t  le«^n  in  a  calf's  life,  of  doing  without  a  mother 
The  process  is  very  simple :  you  merely  wet  the  flrst  an.  second 
tingeLf  ti»o  left  hand  with  milk,  and  place  them    «  tj«  «»"  « 
mouth  to  dve  her  a  taste  of  what  is  in  Hf.re.    Kci)eat  this  a  few 
UnS  tl  en  grldualiy  draw  the  pan  near  her  m-;uth  with  the  right 
Laid  usln/your  left  as  above.    When  the  calf  P^"^™"^  y""; ^JJJ 
flnKcre  to  enter  her  mouth,  raise  the  pan  so  that  your  left  hand 
will  S.  Immersed,  and  the  calf,  by  suction,  will  draw  the  milk  np 
between  the  fingers.    At  mld-day.  another  '"^;/ "J'^',;"^  * 
second  lesson  was  given;  at  eveniug  a  third.    N«t  ^norning    le 
process  was  repeated,  but  in  this  instance  she  did  not  need  tho 
Tge^  to  guide  her  to  what  was  good  for  her ;  she  readily  accepted 
the  situation,  and  stuck  her  pretty  nose  Into  the  warn  milk  wldcl 
rapidly  disappeared  to  when  it  would  do  the  most  good.    But 
wlh  milk  iorth  ten  cents  per  quart,  and  cream  seven  times  as 
much  It  did  not  "  pay  "  to  use  six  quarts  daily  of  rich  Jersey  milk 
r  his  way,  Bo,  after  a  fortnight's  supply  of  the  raw  material, 
tie  feed  wi  gradually  changed  to  sweet  skim-milk  for  two  weeks 

and  then  sutetltutlng  hay-tea,  the  ™»^™"°%^f  ^"' f°;"J2 
two  quarts  dally.  Beginning  with  a  tablespoonful  of  coton-seed 
meaUhorougUly  mixed  with  the  feed,  the  quantity  was  increased 
S  ten  davTto  one  pint  daily.  At  one  month  old.  she  was  gradually 
taught  to  eat  bran  by  stirring  It  Into  her  food. 

The  preparation  of  hay-tea  is  very  simple.  Nice  hay  is  run 
through  a  cutter,  and  Uking  an  ordinary  two-galon  pa  ful,  boll- 
Ing  water  Is  poured  upon  it ;  it  is  then  covered  and  al  o^«dJJ 
steep  for  twelve  hours.  This  makes  a  most  excellent  food,  and 
calves  thrive  upon  it.  The  most  stylish  and  vigorous  calf  I  ever 
saw.  was  raised  upon  hay-tea.  with  bran  and  cotton-seed  meal  as 
here  described.  I  enter  thus  fully  into  the  best  manner  of  raising 
a  calf  without  Its  mother,  for  the  especial  benefit  of  my  southern 
readers,  where  the  thriftless  habit  of  allowing  the  calf  to  suck  Ite 
dam,  oftentimes  until  a  year  old,  so  generally  prevails.  In  this 
iDsuince  the  litUe  heifer  got  along  nicely  until  two  months  old, 
when  an  aggravated  attack  of  scours  set  in,  but  by  thnely  dos^of 
laudanum  in  a  mess  of  warm  gruel,  poured  down  her  throat  twice 
a  day.  for  three  days,  a  cure  was  effected.    In  ordinary  cases  of 


HBWBWW" 


KEEPING  OSE  COW. 


29 


when  one 
impatient 
I  tuok  a 
iccfded  to 
i  mother. 
Ill  second 
the  calf's 
his  a  few 
I  the  right 
your  two 
left  hand 
ic  milk  np 
Ilk,  and  a 
)ming  the 
,  need  the 
y  accepted 
illk,  which 
;ood.    But 
n  times  as 
ersey  milk 
V  material, 
two  weeks, 
t  down  to 
cotton-seed 
B  increased 
s  gradually 

hay  is  run 
ailful,  boil- 
allowed  to 
t  food,  and 
calf  I  ever 
■ed  meal  as 
r  of  raising 
ny  southern 
'  to  suck  its 
lis.  In  this 
months  old, 
lely  doses  of 
throat  twice 
lary  cases  of 


scours,  a  change  to  drv  food  will  correct  It,  but  It  is  well  to  watch 
and  not  to  permit  the  disease  to  become  sealed.  A  few  years  sifio, 
tt  very  valuable  young  Jersey  heifer,  receUc'd  from  the  vicinity  of 
Philadelphia,  wos  taken  in  this  way,  while  umlersoin.!?  the  usual 
course  of  iicclhniitKm  incident  to  northern  cattle  brou;|ht  soulli, 
and  tlie  simpler  treatment  proving  of  no  effect,  I  gave  injections 
twice  a  day  of  rice-water  and  laudanum,  besides  drenehmg  her 
with  corn-gruel  and  laudanmp.  This  was  kept  up  for  ten  days; 
wc  carried  her  safely  through,  and  her  present  value  omply  com- 
pensates for  the  time  and  trouble  u-xpcndcd. 

FOOD  OF  THE   COW. 

But  let  ns  return  to  the  cow.    On  the  morning  of  Juno  twenty- 
ninth,  we  began  giving  her  a  fair  feed  of  green  com,  adding 
to  it  wheat  bran,  and   cottonseed  meal.     July  second  wo  fed 
her  all  the  com  stalks  she  would  cat,  continuing  to  add  bran 
and  cotton  n>cal,  giving  four  quarts  of  the  former  and  two  oi  the 
latter-  and  this  was  her  daily  food,  Including  the  German  Millet, 
treated  in  the  same  way,  until  September.    The  green  food  was 
given  three  times  a  day,  but  the  bran  and  cotton  meal  added  only 
morning  and  night  .  Occasionally  a  day's  supply  wos  cut  early  ii» 
the  morning,  and  allowed  to  wilt  before  feeding,  but  in  this,  as 
well  as  in  many  other  matters,  my  man-of-all-work  did  as  circum- 
stances permitted.    His  various  duties  about  the  place  gave  him 
but  little  time  to  reduce  to  an  exact  system  the  cato  and  feed 
of  a  cow.    Bhe  had  a  good  stable,  and  plenty  to  cot,  received 
daily  a  good  brashing.  and  was  treated  kindly.     Yet,  she  was  our 
servant  (and  a  most  faithful  one  she  was),  and  we  were  not  hers, 
or  slaves  to  any  arbitrary  clock-work  regularity.    She  was  fed  and 
milked  at  regular  intervals,  but  beyond  this  it  was  not  always  con- 
Tenlent  to  have  regular  hours  at  her  stable.    We  did  not  keep  her 
as  an  exhibition  of  a  model  cow  in  a  model  stable,  and  to  cxen.- 
plify  a  model  system  of  ca  J  and  keep.    Like  thousands  all  over 
the  land,  we  kept  her  simply  for   the   profit  she  yielded,  in 
the  way  of  milk  and  butter.    It  has  often  strack  me,  m  read- 
ing the  many  suggestions  and  hints  about  how  to  keep  a  cow, 
to  be  found  in  some  agricultural  and  live-stocli  Journals,  that 
were  they  all  carried  Into  practical  operation,  it  would  take  the 
entire  time  of  two  able-bmlied  men  to  attend  one  anitaal-one  to 
be  always  on  hand  during  the  day,  the  other  to  serve  at  night. 
Now  common  sense  is  a  good  thing,  even  when  applied  to  the 
management  of  cows,  and  my  experience  convinces  me  that  the 


80 


KEEPIKO   OKE  COW. 


ftvprago  man  wImIios  only  to  know  the  chenpcat  ond  caslMt  wny  to 
have  nn  uhundiinl  supply  of  rlcb,  wholesome,  and  cleiin  milk,  and 
with  prlilo  enough  In  the  posseHslon  of  u  good  cow  to  furnthh  a 
good  shelter  nnd  comfcrtablo  quarters.    Beyond  thesf,  breeders  of 
fancy  and  hlgh-prleed  stock  may  go  to  any  extreme,  and  find  a 
paying  bUHlncM  in  doing  ho,  but  the  village  or  city  owner  of  one 
or  two  eow*,  kept  solely  for  his  own  use,  can  not  alTord  to  Indulge 
In  any  of  thU  "upper-tendora"  stylo  of  cow  life;  it  won't  pay 
him.    As  a  row  of  corn  was  cut  and  fed,  the  hnd  was  i)l()wed, 
numured,  and  more  corn  (common  field)  drilled  in  thick,  ho  that 
the  ground  for  the  whole  sununer  presented  the  appearance  of  an 
experimental  com  field,  with  com  at  every  stage  of  its  growth. 
This  was  kept  up  through  the  months  of  July,  Augu.st,  Sep- 
tember, and   October.     Indeed,  the  half  of  this  yieUl  was  more 
than  HUlilelent  for  keeping  ihe  cow  in  Kuperl)  coiulilion,  so  that 
much  the  greater  iM.rlloa  was  cut  in  tlie  tasHcdin!,'  stage  and  cured 
for  winter  feed.    After  September  begins,  it  will  not  do  to  sow 
corn;  the  worms  destroy  it,  but,  In  our  Houthern  Bean,  or  "cow 
pea,"  we  hove  one  of  the  verj-  best  of  soiling  crops.     Sown  either 
bn)a«lca8t,  or  In  drills,  It  does  equally  well,  iiiukes  u  rapid  growth, 
and  ufibnls  a  tempting  and  nutritious  food  for  cattle.    It  grows 
until  checked  by  frost,  and  I  know  of  no  plant,  save  Indian  com, 
that  protluces  more  weight  to  a  given  quantity  of  land.    In  this 
instance  wc  fed  it  daily  during  October  and  late  Into  Noveml)cr, 
before  a  frost  put  an  end  to  its  use  in  its  green  state.    Anticipating 
a  frost,  it  was  cut  and  cured  for  winter  feed.    Properly  cured,  no 
Lay  equals  It  for  cattle. 

Novcmlwr  twenty-fourth  our  cow  went  into  winter  quarters,  and 
for  her  winter  feed  tlierc  were  over  four  thousand  eight  hundred 
pounds  of  well  cured  com-fodder,  and  one  thousand  five  hundred 
p.)und8  of  good  pea-vine  hay— far  more  than  sho  could  consume. 
Early  in  December,  after  spreading  over  the  land  all  the  manure 
on  hand.  It  was  plowed  again  with  a  two-borsc  turning  plow,  and 
sowed  thickly  to  oaU,  harrowing  them  in.    A  seasonable  rain 
gave  them  a  good  start,  so  they  were  well  prepared  for  the  viclsi- 
tudes  of  winter-a  good  stantl  and  vigorous  growth.    The  cow 
now  received   a    daUy   ration    of   corn    fodder   and    pea   hay, 
run    through    the  cutter,  and    after   mixing    thoroughly  three 
quarts  of  wheat  bran  and  one  quart  of  cotton-seed  meal,  were 
wet  with  water  (warm  in  cold  weather).     This  was  given  her 
In  the  morning,  and  the  same  quantity  at  evening.     The  com 
fodder  and  pea-hay  for  a  day's  feed  were  fifteen  pounds  of  each, 


I  wny  to 
lilk,  anil 
urnlhli  n 
icdcra  of 
:l  11  nd  a 

T  of  0111' 

I  Indulga 
on'l  i)uy 

plowed, 
L,  HO  that 
ICO  of  nn 

growth, 
ust,  8c  jv 
.•as  inoro 
1,  BO  that 
nd  curt'd 

O   to  BOW 

or  "cow 
(vn  cither 
,  growth, 
It  grows 
liun  com, 
.  In  this 
ovcmlicr, 
ticipating 
cured,  no   . 

trtcrs,  and 
t  hundred 
B  hundred 
conHume. 
le  inaauro 
plow,  and 
lablo  rain 
the  Ticlsl- 
Tbo  cow 
pea   Lay, 
;bly  three 
meal,  were 
given  her 
The  com 
da  of  each, 


KKKl'lNfl   «>NK  COW.  W 

more  or  le;^.    On  ihis  food  she  wnH  kf.pt  throuj;h  the  winter, 
civing  milk  of  excellent  (|UiilUy,  und  In  good  (luanlliy. 
In  February,  she  ww.  tethered  every  fair  day  In  tlu.  oatn  and  Id 

March  w"  f'J  l>«r  «  «""<!  »'"*  "'  '"•'''  *"*  """*'  **'"  '  , 
ever  keeping  ...  the  winter  fee<l  of  com  f<«lder.  peal..»y, 
X'at  brln.  and  -  otton  meal.  Ab<.ut  April  tlrnt  tl.e  feed  of 
green  oat.  was  increa«'d  to  all  she  woul.l  eat.  feedi.ig  l.r.'e 
timcH  daily,  and  the  cxceiienoo  of  thi«  diet  wan  shown  by  a 
nm;kerincre.ise  in  the  q.ianUty  of  her  milk.  Though  due  to 
calve  again  in  .Inly,  «hc  continued  to  Bupply  a  family  of  ten  p<r- 
Bons  with  an  abundanco  of  milk.  Late  In  April,  when  the  oat« 
were  In  the  milk  fltaU',  they  were  cut  and  cured  for  hay,  making  a 
little  over  a  ton  of  g<K<d  food. 

Upon  Humming  up  the  result,  the  following  dollar  and  cenU 
view  of  the  experiment  of  B.iBtainlng  a  cow  on  a  b.df  acre  is  fiub- 
niilted.  The  l.lbor  expended  in  cultivation  1.  n..t  put  down  as  an 
Item  of  expenH!-,as  tl.e  carriage  horse  was  uacd  In  plowing,  and 
the  liirtd  man  did  the  rest. 

To  l.Snflpounrtu  Wheat  Lrnn,  at90c *^i'40 

"     aO()  poniidi  Com  Menl.  at  '*:••■  ^ u'no 

"     (WJ  puunds  Cotton  scud  Moal,  at  fl .,-^ 

«»     aa)  pounds  Huy,  at  "."K! lejRTB 

Total *^ 

Or. 
By  sale  of  2.300  pounds  ot  C.'n.-'odder.  at  BOc. . .  .•18.20 
»i       »      a.lOO  pounds  of  OaU,  at  76c WsS 

_  .,  la'.ao 

Profit »....• 

But  tho  profit  above  shown  docs  not  express  the  real  profit.  A 
year's  continuous  supply  ot  rich  milk  In  abundance,  for  a  largo 
household  ei^am  tor  special  occasions,  and  that  best  of  luxuri.-s, 
Sou  home-made  buUer.  and  one  hundred  dollars  for  the  Ittle 
heifer  when  six  months  old,  aggregate  the  chief  resulU  of  the 

''Xr'lhTbest  resnlto  In  soiling,  no  crop  compares  as  far  ao  my 
experience  goes,  with  our  Southern  variety  of  Indian  com;  on 
rich  land  1,  proluces  marvellously.  I  have  rused  it  at  the  rate  of 
Tne  hundred  thousand  pounds  (or  fifty  tons)  i>er  acre.  flH^re  is 
no  difficulty  in  producing  three  crops  In  one  season  on  the  same 
Tand  But  cattle  need  a  variety  of  foo-l  in  soiling,  as  m  other 
forms  of  feedluL'.  Oats  are  excellent,  and  come  In  cariy.  Cat. 
tail  MUletC'Peari  Millet")  Is  a  rapid  grower,  but  cattle  are  not 
^iaUy  fond  of  It ;  they  like  Oer.nan  Millet  better.    Garden  (or 


|§  KRKrtxd  ovn  cow. 

Englldli)  Pen*  mnko  iiii  pxci-llrnl  f<MKl,  «omlnx  Into  noo  In  Moivh, 
ond  luHtltiK  to  Junr.  I  n'meinlMir  »nc  yi'i»r  I  proiliicfd  five  irop« 
for  Bollliig.  ou  llK!  iMHin'  luixl,  111  ()ri«  year,  numtly :  out*,  time  of 
com,  untl oui-  of  c()w-|xiu>.  The  hixl  iiiumtl  !»  ii  imi|htI»  fo<Hl  liUo 
In  the  year,  ufUT  com  lii»!»  ti»w.  I  have  ncvir  ixiKTiimnUtl  with 
ro<»t8,  nor  nin  I  iiwnn'  of  any  lielnjr  ciiUlTiit(  il  in  tlie  Bouth  iw  n 
BoillnR  crop.  Cubliant-s  wl  out  In  8<pteml)er  «n<l  OtIoImt  will  Iw 
ready  for  ferdln);  In  DcccnilK-r,  iind  will,  next  to  corn,  im>diire  llio 
largcHt  weight  of  Rrecn  fo<Ml.  One  year  1  fi-d  them  to  a  «-<rn(*l(lfr- 
ahlf  extent,  and  found  my  «ow8  wen-  very  partial  to  them.  By 
beglnnlnR  with  enliha(?f s  in  n('<'emlier,  to  Ite  Bncoeeded  liy  oatH  in 
March,  then  peas,  corn,  and  niillet,  lo  wind  up  ni  NovemlH-r  with 
ouw-peu,  a  uuw  in  our  cliuuto  uuu  bo  noilod  every  Uuy  m  the  year. 


mmmm 


n  Marrh, 

IVC  IT»)p« 

1,  I  line  (if 
f()u«l  lale 
lU'd  witU 
ImiUIi  n»  a 
•r  will  Iw 
ixhirc  (lio 

icni.     By 

ly  oiitH  In 

nlMT  wltli 

lilt"  ycur. 


KKKI'IN'U   OKK  <:«IW. 


Wy 


THE    VILLAOK    COW    IN    NKW    EN'OLAND. 

»KIN(»    Tin:    JOIIINAI.    OK    TIIK    KKKI'ini. 

BT   IIKSUf  >.   ALVOKD,  B*ilTU*MPTON,  MAili. 

In  wriUiiK  ii|»<m  iliU  hiiI>J<"<i  ll»<"  nurr.illvp  form  In  conTPnlcnt, 
and  while  ll  ciinnoi  iK-clulinod  llml  tliU  \*  cnlln'ly  a  "  Ini.i  KKiry," 
It  inoy  Ih'  nalil  to  In-  f«un>l<.l  on  f*<i.  P'TkohuI  <-«|>«TU'n<n  I*  my 
baxiMin.l  wlmtcv.r  .if  f«n.y  nmy  Im-  Inlrrwovon  wHIi  Ww  fiicii 
would  have  lK«n  «|uU«!  pnirlUubl.',  wd  all  ounht  to  hoTe  ocnir- 
nd  iw  imrniUd.  If  nil  did  nou 

(/  I  m.-  promlmi  l.v  xaylm^  that  I  own  a  oomfortnl.lo  llltlo  hom« 
In  w  vlllano  <»f  a  ffw  thoummd  Inhahltinls  not  u  tli«iiii.ind  inlloi 
fmm  Now  York.  i.upp..rtlnn  my  family  hy  a  mod.ral.-  Incomo 
rarn<Ml  from  day  to  .lay,  and  my  occupallon  In  hu.U  a*  to  .  lud.le 
me  lo  HtM-ml  an  av.'r.w  of  Ihne  hour*  of  daylight  on  my  pimo, 
from  tlir  mlddlp  of  Mar.li  to  tli.-  mIddU*  of  OclolMr,  imd  .Kca«l.m. 
ally  a  whol.-  .lay  iKHldi^..  TIiuh  I  .an  mako  iin.l  «ar.>  for  my 
H  irdon  whl.h  f.  r  wnn.-  yearn  lm«.  uniformly  l»<'«n  an  .Jt.ell.i.t  one, 
qnlio  .1  mod.d.  tl...uKh  1  ».y  K.  Of  thU  «.rt  of  w'.rk  I  havo 
always  l.c-n  v.ry  fond,  aa  w.ll  an  of  .lom<Htl<:  animals, all  klnda 
of  whlrh  w.-re  familiar  lo  me  wh.n  a  Iwy. 

Mat  tHT  1H75  — For  »o».'ml  y.wr4  I  have  kept  more  or  low 
poultry. and  s.imetlnieH a  pk ;  tlion-  Ih  «omu.h  fromaRo.Kl  Manl.-n 
that  l«  olh.rwla<>  wiwted.    The  ambition  ..f  the  family  Ih  to  own  a 
horn.'  ami  a  row.     It  ha*  ben  talk.'.l  alwut  a  fjooU  dnil,  Init  wo 
an-  aurcod  that  th.-  Imme  would  be  a  pure  luxury.  In  our  .Ircnm- 
•fm."*  an.l  nuHl  wbU.    The  row  I  hav.-  fdt  would  be  a  luxury 
to.,  that  U,  CM  mor.«  than  It  would  pn.du.  e.  but  on  IhU  (xdnt 
the'  iro«Rl  wife  haa  differed  with  me.  .lalmlnn  that  It  woul.l  be  a 
real  wonomy.     It  ban  b.;en  a  part  of  our  .lome«.l.r  p.dlcy  Jo  UM 
milk  and  butter  Ulwrally,  thereby  kocpln?;  .lown  the  but.;hera  bill 
and  buying  very  little  lanl.     Of  the  value  of  nllk  a.  an  article  ..f 
f.Mj.1   In  Ita  ualund  sUte,  and  In  the  many  wayx  wblih  It  can  iw 
ua.d'ln  cwklng.  there  cin  b.-  m.  d..ubi,  c.pe.lally  where  there  are 
v..unir  and  Krowlnx  memlmra  of  the  family.    Slill,  I  hav..  Iktb 
.keptlcal  on  the  ec  momy  of  koeplnR  a  row,  and  t..  ...nvlnce  mo, 
ihebclp-raeet  recently  pn.vel,  fnnn  well  kept  occmntH,  that  dur- 
mit  the  last  two  yean,  there  have  been  .onsumed  by  our  family  or 
five  j>er«on«,ono  thouKind  five  hundred  and  forty  five  quarts  ..f 
milk  averafflng  seven  cenUa  quart,  and  three  liundrctl  and  sixty- 
ono  pounda  of  bultcr,  average  price  thlrty-thrco  tenU  a  iwund. 


.4»i 


If  EIBPIMU  ONI  COW. 

The*!  h»r«  wnounUi"!  to  n  cult  Miwmlltuni  of  one  Uundr'il  nnd 
thlrliMn  .lolUrn  »na  »Uty-foiir  vtmU  a  yiiir,  whUh  won  atL-cynl 
iurprliM'  to  mi",  iiml  fmllnji  |>ri«lty  mm'thoiuiM-nw  ncfd  not  i  xtirtl 
two  iIoUhp*  a  wo«k,  I  yUUIe.l  lo  Umi  arKum.rit ;  itiii  Ihn  owmr  of 
«  row.  and  lurn  rcconl  the  it«iill  «f  my  « •xin'liiMnt  Ono  of  tlio 
pUawtiit  Hiring  dnya  »( laat  wock,  wc  took  a  tlf  Ire  amonK  tlio  farnw 
of  lh«  vlchilty,  aiiU  itel«*lml  a  KfMKi  l.wklnx  cow  whkU  Imtl  JukI 
Uropiml  luT  ai-**.!!.!  <  alf.  Tin-  prlco  imid  waa  »l«tyrtTo  .lollarx,  to 
bo  dcUTflml  to  mo  tiMlny.  without  tlio  t  alf.  TUo  man  I  Ik.ukIh  of 
calUHl  her  "  puro  Aldcrivy, "  but  nho  l<K?ka  lnr((.!  of  h<r  o«fl  for 
tbitt  race,  rjc'lubliig  aomewhat  oreraoTen  bumlrod  pound*,  nnd  If, 
two  or  tb'rec  KPncratbtna  \mck  tlicro  was  a  cnm  of  Aynkhlro,  or  of 
Ouorn«>y,  It  U  ull  tin'  Ixlter.  My  Ixillcf  U  that  abit  baa  u  ttnak  of 
Ayrablni  blootJ,  and  tbat  abe  will  n;  ,k«  a  fine  cow.  Tk^\ttn  thrse 
yoani  old  next  month  (exact  ibitc  unknown),  It  baa  b«eu  d«:W«d 
that  our  cow  la  to  bo  known  aa  "Juno." 

May  iBT,  1876.— When  "Juno"  wan  bongbt,  U  waa  In  .noftiH 
expectation  tbat  poaturago  could  be  lilre«l  In  a  aniall  lot  ailJolnlnR 
tbo  rear  of  mine.  1  aupp»>ni!d  It  waa  fixed,  but  tho  Bprlng  bad 
bo«!n  favorable,  tbo  nr:uw  on  the  meadow  promliH'd  well,  and  tbo 
owner  concluded  bo  would  mow  It,  no  that  arninnemcnt  fell 
tbn>UKb.  By  that  time  I  was  too  lati'  lo  iwKiuro  room  In  the  only 
paature  conrcnlcnt  to  the  ylllaxe,  untl  I  bavo  »)cen  forced  to  ki'cp 
ber  In  tho  aUblo  and  a  small  "table  ynnl,  tho  whole  year.  Tho 
tMult  U  more  than  aatlafactory,  conaldoriog  tho  dbuidvanUgeoM 
circumatances. 

A  year  ago  to-day  "Juno"  arrive<l,  In  fair  condition,  aaro  that 
her  coat  looke  I  a  little  rough,  and  with  a  good  bag  of  milk ;  her 
dally  yield  tbat  month  waa  about  twelve  quarts.  In  a  day  or  two 
1  noticed  that  when  In  the  yard,  sbo  rubbed  her  neck  vigorously 
against  tho  corner  of  tho  atablo  and  somctlmca  backed  up  to  a  buftd- 
Ing  or  fence  f  Jr  tbo  purpoae.  An  examination  proved  thot  sbo 
bad  vermin  ujion  ber;  ao  I  made  a  pull  f-<ll  of  strong  auda,  wllb 
soft  Boap,  and  put  Into  It  an  ounce  of  sulphuric  acid,  and  with  thia 
I  spongctl  tho  iwrta  Infested,  twice  dally,  for  a  few  days.  This 
M;enied  efficient  and  there  has  iwen  no  such  trouble  since. 

For  long  forage  "  June  "  bad  only  dry  food,  good  Hne  bay,  until 
late  In  May,  and  tl^n  I  began  to  give  her  u  green  blu»  whenever  I 
could,  clippings  from  the  yanl,  trimmings  of  early  vegetables  and 
whatever  there  waa  to  spare  from  the  garden.  Besides  this,  every- 
thing abe  ato  bad  to  bo  bought,  except  a  few  rooto  used  since 
February.    A  little  bran  waa  fed  for  the  flrat  few  days,  and  gtadu- 


all 
da 
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tu 

h:i 
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bi 
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(I 

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I 
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( 


gnnvu  uKM  coir.  vr 

illy  Inrn-Mml,  no  lhi»t  durlnsr  Ui«  tummcrihcrrcMml  four  pomult 
dally  fr,l  111  two  |.uru.  .nornlii«  an.l  iiIkIH.  Lit. r  In  Hi.'  «.M.)n 
crn in-ol  wa.  iMMml  to  lli«  r»tl..n.  uiul  i.t  llm. .  .mt»  w.r.^  Milmll- 
muni  for  lh«  hniii.  In  th-  wlnVr.  di{l.l  |.  hiu.U  of  in-.l  uii.!  br.».., 
half  iin.l  Imlf,  n.lx.-.l.  W.W  tbo  .liilly  .illowoixo.  BuylnR  my  hi 
».,mll  .iimntltl.-.  I  iii.i.iur'>  t"  l"''!'  '"'"•  "■"*"•"  •"*'  ''"**/  ''7  "" 
band,  «omo  of  It  v«ry  iT^•»U,  ui.d  *uxM  tliim  vary  tli-  dry  food. 
AUo.  for  vurU-ty.  I  fnqu.nlly  Kuv«  «i..i  rut  fe.d  n  day.  n.oUtcn.-.l. 
Bt-ildcn  thin,  I  ..bUlncUnd  worked  ln.durn«  tli.'  .uiimur.  u  lot  "I 
half.rlpo  oaU,  In  tlio  .trnw,  whidi  Im.l  I.hIk.'.1  and  wot  • .  urud  llko 
hay.  Tbo  food,  altbo  ijjU  tbu»  often  cbangod,  waa  cbaujjcd  carc- 
fidly. 

In  my  jrardcn   I  made  a  largn  partnlj.  IkM,  and  followc.l  my 
aarllct V-a.  with  rariot.i.  ao  that  In  th«  fall  Uicrn  wcro  aevcral 
bunhola  of  th**6  root*.    Tho  carrots  wore  I'urlod  In  the  ganlcn,  » 
ni..||ow  loam,  and  tho  pan.nlp«  kft  h*  the  Kround.    The    ormrr 
wore  o|H)ncd  durlnj?  a  thaw  In  tVl.ruary,  and  a  f..w  f.d  t<.   Jun« 
each  day.  lantlnR  until  the  end  of  March  ;  by  that  timo  I  could  get 
Iho  nanmliH  and  they  have  Ju«t  given  out.  Wh«n  I  U^gnn  thorooU 
the  Kruln  wan  gmduully  withheld  and  «b«  hun  had  noncalnco  Fob- 
ruary     These  rwita  have  had  a  most  apparent  effect,  g\r\nn  her 
coat  a  bright,  thrifty  look,  and  alio  Im  In  fl.io  condition  for  culv  ng. 
which  ia  eipectcd  In  ton  day*.    But  the  rooU  made    It    hard  to 
dry  off  the  cow.    8ho  wna  ahrlnkUig  In  milk  fast  when  wo  began 
on  the  oarrota,  then  sUrtctl  up  again  and  was  giving  alKiut  three 
ouarU  a  day  in  March,  when  tho  milk  (and  especially  the  eroam 
began  to  bavc  a  sharp,  unpleasant,  bitter  taste,  and  we  «.on  had 
to  irlvc  up  tislDg  It.    It  then  took  o  fortnight  to  dry  her  off,  which 
was  done  by  Icaenlng  tha  rooU,  milking  not  qulto  dry.  then  only 
once  a  day,  and  onco  In  two  days.    Water  has  been  offered  three 
times  a  day,  through  tho  year,  all  she  would  drink,  salt  has  a Iwajiii 
been  within  her  reach.     All  summer,  and  every  mild,  dry  day  In 
wlntei   *■  Juno  "  has  passed  some  hours  In  the  stable  yard.    A  large 
amount  of  iKKldlng  has  been  necessary,  and  for  this  I  have  used 
the  WBhto  hay.  the  raklngs  of  tho  yard  last  autumn,  the  scrapings 
of  the  jrortlen  walks,  garden  Utter,  and  tho  leaves  from  a  row  of 
maple  trees  in  fnmtof  the  bouse,  carefully  saved  for  tho  purpose. 
So  much  In  tho  stall.  "June"  has  required  more  personal  care  and 
It  has  been  made  a  rule  to  rub  and  brush  her  body  enough  to  keep 
It  clean  and  free  from  dead  skin.    But  I  never  use  a  harsh  cartl ; 
nothing  Is  better  for  rubbing  than  a  piece  of  old  sclno  or  very  coarse 
bagging.    Everything  about  the  cow,  too,  la  kept  clean  and  awcut 


I 


;v 


Mi)  lh«  0«tn  111  straw ■)  •  <^ 

(Mil)  Itn,  Wheat  Hnn  (!i  SJl.S ) 1' •»* 

850lb«,  Oorii-Moal®  »1.10 2'*> 

4  bus.  Oats  ®  53c 2. :? 

Kxpondwl  ^ •"'!i?w'[ 

LoM  40011)11.  Hay  ou  hand d  U" 

jn.j.:n 


Yoar'i  espouse 


KEIilMN(»   ONE  COW. 

The  rcmiU  of  this  contlnuoiw  8lnl)llns  hnw  l>non  a  raphl  nrrnmu- 
lUloii  of  iniimirc.  and  UiIh  havli.K  Ucvn  mixed  with  all  tho  Buiti. bio 
refuse  of  Ihe  i.laco,  and  forked  over  Hcvcral  tlinoH.  1  lhi»  Hpriiig 
have  on  hand  u  huge  pile  of  rleli  eompost.  It  l«  more  than  can 
be  used  on  the  p.rden,  and  the  newer  i.orl  has  be.Mi  eordod  u.) 
under  a  temporary  sh.'d  for  salo  or  future  use.  rida  alone  wi'll 
pays  for  all  my  extra  work  In  keeping  the  cow,  as  1  have  yearly 
been  ahllgod  to  buy  for  the  Kurdoii. 

Our  plan  during  the  year  has  been  to  sell  a  little  milk  to  nci;?h- 
bors,  set  aslle  two  (piarts  dally  for  family  use,  cream  and  all. 
The  cream  from  the  remainder  has  been  made  Into  butter,  and  an 
accurate  account  kept  of  the  butter  produced. 

The  following  Is  the  result  of  this  first  year  keeping  one  cow: 


-vmtNiiitii  •  I  iiKTtJnws; 


Hah'S - 

fiSli  qlK.  Milk  for  family,  ®  7c. 
V£\  \\)».  Butter  madu,  (^ &'jC    . 

V'l  ir'B  rcturu 


.fio.as 

9  ao.iH 
...  4JJ.10 
..     43,(15 

..jiixiia 


Momorandiim— Cost...  •8>2?'H 
Lens  sales »>  IS 

Pins  pnrcliBoos— 
BMqts.  Milk. 

m. 


152  ft)8.  Butter 
Cow  product*  cost  family. 


83. IB 

..      <5.1« 

..    VIM 

$1(15.09 


Here  Is  a  net  balance  of  three  dollars  and  twenty-slx  cents  hi 
favor  of  the  cow,  without  allowing  anything  for  the  abundant 
supply  of  sklm-milk  and  buttcrnailk  which  has  been  profitably 
used  in  the  poultry  yard  as  well  as  at  the  house— or  for  the  big 
compost  heap,  which  could  readily  lie  sold. 

The  figures  also  show  that  the  family  has  had  a  better  supply  of 
cow  products  than  last  yeir,  at  seven  dollars  and  sixty -five  cents 
less  expense.  No  labor  is  charged,  for  I  am  not  so  much  keepin:? 
an  exact  account  of  the  maintenance  of  the  cow,  as  of  the  profit 
of  my  keeping  one,  taking  care  of  her  myself.  And  no  credit  Is 
given  for  manure,  as  I  mean  to  apply  that  to  reducing  the  cost  of 
keeping  in  the  future.  The  cow  might  have  been  fed  at  less  cost, 
but!  intended  to  have  her  improve  on  my  hands,  and  she  has  done 
80.  ^''June"  now  weighs  seven  hundred  and  sixty-two  pounds,  is 
about  to  have  her  third  calf,  and  is  certainly  worth  more  than  was 

paid  for  her. 

Altogether,  in  spite  of  unfavorable  conditions  there  is  no  occ»- 
aion  to     mplain  of  the  result  of  the  year. 


KEKI'IN(»   ONK  COW. 


80 


S  iM.18 
..  *J.'»0 
..     43.(15 

7   '  ~~' 
H     88.19 

..      0.19 

..    II!. 64 

.  Cl(i5.9» 


Mat  IffT,  1877.-Lnrt  spring,  my  n(i£!li».or,  north,  wn«  wIIHdr  to 
la  n.c  Imvc  Lis  ..ore  an.l  a  Imlf  of  .ncmU.w  for  pn«turuK.-  Iml 
wanted  ll.irty.fl,-e  dollar,  for  U.e  wason.     1  would  not  pay  that 
.,ul,  Instead,  hired  a  place  for  "June"  In  a  largo  pasture  half  a 
„,il<;  or  n.oro  distant,  paying  twenty  d.dlars  for  the  ^-^n.  >  «/ 
fifteenth,  to  Oetohcr  fifteenth,  an.l  fo,.r  dollars  ">»  »"y /"'<''' ^; 
ing.    On  the  ninth  <.(  May,  the  cow  dropped  a  bull  ca  f  -.without   . 
diffleulty.  an,l  I  gave  it  away  the  next  day     No  ^P*'^'"'^"™ 
nee,led  o^  given,  except  a  little  caution  a«  to  feeding  and  on  the  fl  - 
teenth  the  cow  went  to  pasture.    Bhc  d*''  '^'""'^"•''f/t  ""'^ 
early  In  July,  heing  In  pasture  during  the  day,  an.l  at  the  Blable  at 
night.  Then  th.,  weather  grew  very  hot.  the  pasture  dry,  and  June 
be^an  to  fail  rapidly  In  her  milk;  bo  I '"«'""' "f'i''*'^'"«'tS 
bran,  and  offered  hay  when  she  came  up  at  night.    Later  a  friend 
recommended  cotton-secd  meal,  an.l  a  hundred  weight  of  that  was 
obtained  and  fed  with  goo«l  resultn,  two  or  three  pounds  a  day. 
August  waa  a  month  of  intenac  dry  heat,  and  the  pasture  became 
of  ilttle  use  except  for  the  exercise,  shad.-,  and  water.    In  spite  of 
meal  and  hay  fed  at  night,  "June's"  yield  of  milk  shrank  ^>  three 
quarts  a  day.  and  we  feared  she  would  go  dry.    August  flfll^ 
I  made  the  change  of  B'.nding  her  to  pasture  just  before  six 
o'clock  In  the  evening,  as  the  boy  went  after  the  other  cows  ami 
bu  iging  her  up  to  the  stable  In  the  morning,  where  I  kept  1  er 
during  the  day.     This  was  an  improvement,  an.^  also  gave  better 
opportunity  of  feeding  sweet  corn  stalk.,  ^"g^^^lc  trimmings  and 
the  like,  fresh  from  the  garden.  The  grain  was  continued  through 
August,  and  she  ate  more  or  less  hay.    At  the  end  of  th«  ^«"  J 
she  wa^  giving  over  a  gallon  of  milk  a  day     Rains  came  early  n 
»^;trifr,the  pastor^  soon  became  good  ^in,  and  the  dady 
mess  of  milk  steadily  Increased  until  November     By    hat  time 
she  was  in  the  stable  for  the  winter,  and  the  treatment  since  has 
been  practically  a  repetition  of  last  year.    My  root  patch  in  the 
^rSen  wasenlLged,^L  the  result  of  last  year's  ^^'^P^^en-  and 
accordingly  I  put  eight  or  ten  bushels  of  carrots  m to  my  cellar  In 
October,  covering  themwlu  sand,  and  left  a  fine  lot  of  parsn.ps 
in  the  ground.    I  began  feeding  the  carrots  in  January,  two  or 
three  a  day.Just  forarellsh;  gradually  Increased  them.  °nt  I  m 
February  the  cow  received  half  a  peck  or  more  and  th«»  th<y 
lasted  into  March.    Then  1  dried  her  off.  gettmg  the  last  nidk  to 
use  March  twenty-eighth.    Grala  feeding  was  stopped  the  frst  of 
March,  and  she  has  had  none  since.    After  the  cow  was  fully  dry. 
I  began  on  the  paisnlps,  and  she  ia  now  getting  half  a  peck  dahy. 


40 


KEEPIKa  ONE  COW. 


«! » 


with  all  the  liay  sho  wul  eat  "  Juno  "  will  be  frc«h  again  on  »ho 
twentieth  of  titia  month. 

The  seaion  baa  n«»t  satislled  me.  Not  only  hu8  the  weather  l)cen 
untavoruble,  (we  must  expect  Bcvere  auniniers  occaulonaily,)  but  I 
don't  lllic  sending  the  cow  to  a  distant  pasture  wbicli  I  can  know 
very  little  about,  and  where  nobody  knows  how  the  other  animals 
treat  her.  I  sliall  never  do  this  again  if  any  other  arrangement 
can  bo  made. 

The  account  for  the  year  U  as  follows: 

lUy  from  lan't  )c«r 3  I «     8alea •HSl 

»*  tons  TlmoUiy  lUy  ®  f  18 45.C0,i4uqU.  Milk  for  fwnHy.  •»  ejc--  i'M 

0  and  drivlns ""OlOBlbi.  Bmtcrmade  ®  »Jc «« 

Vhe.tBr.n_a  11.10.....      8.^     ve«'.  return. ^M 

ieai:.'.'.  '.'.'.'.  JJ*}  Memomndiim-Coet IM.JO 

.fttl.ao  LeM  i«le» 11.81     TI.W 

,  .._JL!»i>|n»|inrclia«o»  -  ^  .  ., 

Vo«r'.  expense Z»>..«i^    «6^».  M"k®i*«;: ».?  J* 


TSUlb*. ._, 

490  Ibf.  Ocm-Mcal  ^  f  1 
100 Ibi.  Cotton-KcuMu 

Ezpcudcd '"-.■.•^ 

Leu  n.y  on  hud ■'■'"'  i 


..  .M.  Butur®'i»c.......  ..^    81.0O 

Icow  prodnctH  co8t  family $104.98 

Comparing  this  with  liut  year's  statement,  it  will  be  seen  that 
although  there  is  a  small  balance  against  tlie  cow,  she  is  still,  all 
things  considered,  a  profitable  part  of  the  domestic  establishment. 

Mat  iBT,  1878.— Dissatisfied  with  the  last  year's  management, 
and  seeing  that  there  would  last  spring  be  a  large  surplus  of  fine 
compost  on  hand,  more  profitable  to  mn  than  to  sell,  I  planned  a 
new  arrangement  in  the  autumn  of  1876  for  keeping  my  one  cow. 
First  I  secured  the  meadow  west  of  my  lot,  renting  It  from  the 
owner  from  October  first,  1876,  until  April  flret.  this  year,  for  thirty 
dollars.  The  acre  and  a  halt  yielded  about  two  tons  of  hay  In 
1876,  btit  no  rowen;  the  af.srmath  was  good,  however,  when  I 
came  in  possession.  The  sotuh  end  of  it,  although  in  good  heart, 
was  weedv  and  uneven.  I  drove  some  strong  stakes,  and  ran  a 
wire  fence  across,  In  continuation  of  my  southern  bounds^,  thus 
cutting  off  just  about  a  quarter  of  an  acre  In  rear  of  my  neighbor, 
south  This  piece  I  dressed  with  compost  made  the  summer  Just 
preceding,  and  hnd  It  plowed  and  cross-plowed  before  the  ground 
froze.  In  preparation  for  a  root  crop.  The  soil  Is  a  deep,  mellow 
sandy  loam,  but  rich.  Last  spring  the  new  root  patch  was  plowed 
once,  well  dnjssed  fi«m  the  compost  pile  of  187JMJ,  and  that  har- 
rowed in.  (There  was  enough  of  tbo  same  compost  for  my  gar- 
den, and  to  spare,  so  last  June  there  was  still  on  hand  the  manure 
of  about  a  year's  coUection  put  up  in  good  shape.)   The  rest  of 


KEEPING  ONE  COW. 


41 


t9  73 

R.M 


77.99 

II5.S9 
9I.00 


the  work  I  wns  «blc  to  do  myself.    My  root-gnrdcn  laid  ou   In 
r;,w»  running  nortl.  and  Boutl.,  was  dividwl  as  (oliows:  cigl»t 
snuare  rods  of  par.nii«  next  to  nclsl.bor.  sot.th  on  tl.c  Moi.c, 
iero  tbey  caught  the  wash  from  his  gar.lcn ;  twelve  square  rods 
Tf  earroU  and  tea  rods  of  mangolds;  in  the  pomt  west  o  the 
stream  I  put  sweet  eorn  at  first,  and  followed  it  with  strai-leafed 
turnips,  ten  square  rods.    Without  going  into  the  details  of  roo- 
culture  which  any  one  who  has  made  a  good  garden  knows  all 
about  iT«t  into  my  house  cellar  last  fall  fltty-two  bushes  o( 
Cg  OrSnge  Carrots  and  over  forty  bushels  of  Long  Yello,v 
Mancel  Wurzcls  (these  monstrous,  twisted,  forked  roots  ore  awk- 
ward things  to  measure,  but  there  must  have  been  a  ton  or  more 
Z  welght):icf t  m  U.e  ground  from  twenty  to  twenty-live  bushels 
of  IlSow-cn>wned  Fanmips.  and  harvested  thlrty-s.x  bushels  of 
EnKlish  Turnips.    This  was  more  than  I  had  bargamed  for.    I  see 
now  that  roots  enough  might  have  been  raised  m  my  old  ganlen 
^nd  the  parsnips  would  have  done  much  better  there,  but  I  sold 
twenty  bushels  each  of  carrot*  and  turnips  for  more  than  enough 
to  cover  all  expenditures  for  seed  and  hired  labor. 

A  year  ago  tonhiy.  I  turned  »  June  "  into  her  new  pasture  of  an 
acre  and  a  quarter;  the  grass  was  then  starting  well,  and  I  pre- 
ferred to  have  the  change  gradual.  She  ate  more  "rjess  h.y  until 
the  end  of  the  month.  Doors  and  gat«8  were  so  fixed  that  she 
could  IH.  in  stall,  yard,  or  pasture  at  pleasure,  and  could  drink  »k 
the  stream  bordering  the  meadow. 

CALVINa  AND  AFTER-TBEATMENT. 

On  the  eighteenth  of  May,  her  bag  began  to  swell,  and  became 
feverish.    A  quart  or  two  of  watery  milk  was  drawn  at  inleryals  of 
eight  hours  for  the  next  three  days,  and  tl.e  udder  was  bathed  as 
often  in  tepid  water,  and  gently  but  thoroughly  rubbed  w.th  goose 
oil  In  which  camphor-gum  had  been  dissolved.    Each  day.  also, 
2l  waTgiven  a  quarter  of  a  pound  of  Epsom  Baits,  dissolved  in  a 
fluart  of "  tea"  made  from  poke-weed  root  (Phyl^daeea  dseandra), 
which  all  druggists  now  keep  in  store ;  this  was  administered  as  a 
"  drench."  from  a  bottle,  her  head  being  held  up  while  she  swallow- 
ed  it     On  the  morning  of  the  twenty-second,  being  two  days  over- 
due,8he  calved,  having  a  hard  time.  Outproducing  without  help  a 
fine  large  heifer.   Very  soon  after,  I  gave  her  a  bucket  of  cool  (not 
cold)  water,  in  which  was  sth-red  a  quart  of  wheat  bran,  a  half 
p^undof  liiseed-meal,  previously  scalded,  and  a  handful  of  pulver- 
Eed  poke  or  garget  root    This  mess  was  repeated  at  noon,  and 


mM 


KEEPINO   OKE  COW. 

the  b.iR  mllkwl  dry.    A  litUe  lalcr,  tho  nftcr-blrtli  naturally  poMcd 
off  ond  waa  removed.    Thu  udder  remained  hot,  knotty,  und  so 
tender  that  wlicu  tho  calf  iucked  I  hud  to  protect  it  fn)m  tho 
mother's  kiclw,  und  oJho  to  prevent  it  from  lakln-?  one  teat  which 
was  extremely  sore.    Prom  this  quarter  I  carefully  drew  the  milk 
with  one  of  a  set  of  four  "  milkinff-tulicH,"  whlcli  I  bought  two 
years  ago  to  do  my  mllklnB,  but  soon  discarded ;  Iierc  tuey  canio 
in  use.  Just  the  tiling  wanted,  but  one  as  pood  as  four.    At  nigl'    I 
milked  dry,  gave  a  doss  of  half  a  pound  of  SalU,  with  onooum  >  .<f 
Nitre,  and  a  warm  Bran-raaali.    The  l>ag  was  well  rul)bcd  as  before. 
Tho  cow  nto  some  hay  during  tho  night,  and  a  few  cabbage  sprouto 
in  the  morning.    Tliat  day  (twenty-third),  she  was  on  tlio  iwsturo  a 
Jittlo  wiiile,  and    lail  a  full  bag  of  milk,  but  still  liot  and  tender. 
The  calf  was  separated  from  tho  cow  at  daylight,  and  ullowc<l  to 
Buek  four  times  during  tho  day,  tho  bag  being  milked  drj-,  and 
then  oiled  and  well  rubbed  every  time.    The  bowels  appearing  to 
be  in  a  sufBcicntly  active  state,  appetite  Improving,  and  her  eyes 
natural,  the  physic  was  discontinued,  the  cow  allowoil  to  cat  grass 
and  hay  at  will,  and  for  several  days  the  calf     ickcd  at  daylight, 
noon,  and  dark,  the  milk  left  by  it  being  all  di    vn.    The  l>ii>r  was 
rubbed  and  anointed  two  or  throe  times  a  day,  und  a  little  extract 
of  Belladonna  added  to  the  oil  used.    Under  this  treatment  tho  in- 
flammation gradually  subsided.    As  soon  as  the  cow  would  allow 
hcr  calf  to  take  the  tendercst  teat,  I  kept  it  on  that  sido  as  much 
as  possible  while  sucking.  At  the  end  of  a  week  after  calving,  the 
udder  was  again  in  sound  condition.    The  calf  was  kept  until  tho 
first  of  June,  and  then  tho  owner  of  its  sire  took  it  In  full  for  ser- 
vice of  bull  three  seasons.    Wc  then  began  to  get  the  full  flow  of 
milk,  and  the  pasture  being  good,  it  was  a  fine  mess  daily.    At 
that  time,  I  began  to  measure  tho  milk,  and  have  done  so  ever 
since.     "June"  gave  four  hundred  and  eighty-two  quarts  tho 
month  she  was  flvo  years  old,  an  average  of  sixteen  quarts  a  day. 
Until  the  last  of  July,  tho  cow  got  all  her  footl  from  the  pasture, 
and  one  acre  would  have  done  aa  well  aa  one  and  a  quarter.    For 
the  next  live  or  six  weeks,  tho  grass  was  hardly  sufllcicnt ;  it  was, 
for  this  period,  basotl  upon  the  expfriencc  of  August,  1876,  that 
the  corn  had  been  ^irovlded.    The  ton  rods  of  Mammoth  Sweet, 
three  hundred  and  fifty  to  lour  hundred  hills,  had  been  put  in  at  flvo 
different  plantings,  a  week  apart,  and  the  earliest  was  Just  forming 
ears  the  last  of  July  when  I  liegan  using  it,  at  first  once  n   lay, 
then  twice.    For  ea<;h  feed,  the  whole  plants  of  three  or  four  hills 
were  taken,  and  chopped  in  a  straw-cutter,  care  and  all.  into  two- 
Inch  lengths.  This  was  eaten  with  great  relish,  and  during  August 


KEEPING   ONK  COW.  * 


43 


U,e  cow  spent  most  of  tho  dftyllmo  Btandinjc  In  tl>o  stream  where 
shaded  by  tn-cs  ami  grazed  at  night.    The  pasturage  huproTcd 
amin  before  Iho  corn  gave  out,  so  quite  a  nice  piece  of  winter 
fodder  was  saved  from  the  piece.    Then  all  liirough  September 
there  was  crery  day  more  or  less  of  green-corn  husks,  carrot  and 
beet  tops  other  vegcliible  and  fruit  trimmings,  clean  refuse  from 
house  and  garden,  good  food  for  the  cow,  so  that  again  one  aero 
of  pasture  would  have  sufficed.     During  October,  tl.e  carrots  and 
mangol(is  were  harvested,  and  their  iopa  gave  tlic  cow  more  than 
she  could  manage.    I  also  began  feeding  lumlps  tlie  last  of  Octo- 
ber a  few  with  mangel  tops  at  first,  Increasing  until  she  ate  more 
lliaa  half  a  bushel  a  day,  tops  and  all.    Before  the  ground  froze 
the  turnips  were  piled  in  tlu;  bam,  without  trimming,  and  covered 
with  hay;   were  kept  safely  until  the  last  were  fed,  November 
twenty-eighth.    The  problem  of  winter  feeding  really  came  up  the 
first  of  November.    I  had  a  large  supply  of  roots  on  hand  of  my 
own  raising,  and  the  hay  and  grain  to  buy.    So  I  went  to  the  books, 
Rnd  after  studying  botli  practice  and  science,  decided  upon  the 
following  daily  rations  for  the  next  six  months :  Novemlwr  first  to 
May  first,  fifteen  iwunds  of  meadow  rowen  and  clover  hay,  in  about 
equal  ptfts;  one  pound  each  of  coarse  wheat  bran  and  com-meal, 
mixed      During  November,  one-half  busliel  turnips  and  two 
pounds  cotton-i»eed  meal;  December  and  January.  onchM'f  bushel 
aanoU  and  one  and  one  half  pound  cotton-seed  meal ;  February  and 
March  ono-hdlf  bushel  v'>r  more)  of  mangels  and  one  pound  cot- 
ton-see'd  m=al;  April,  one-ha'.f  bushel  parsnips  and  one  and  one- 
half  pounds  cottcm-seed  meal;  also,  one  hundred  pounds  addi- 
tional hay,  and  my  corn-stalks,  for  February  and  March. 

This  plan  has  been  carried  out  with  little  variation.  Of  course 
the  food  has  not  been  accurately  weighed  daily.  The  grain  por- 
tions kept  hi  barrels,  have  been  dipped  out  with  tin  cups,  but  have 
held 'out  JuDt  about  as  expected;  the  quantity  of  hay  and  roots 
has  been  guessed  at. 

THE  METHOD  OF  FEEDINa 

and  other  work  at  the  stable  during  the  winter  has  been  thin: 
Between  six  and  seven  o'clock  a.m.  stall  cleaned,  cow  brushed  off, 
beddhig  and  absorbents  fixed,  the  milking  done,  and  then  a  feed 
of  six  or  seven  pounds  of  chaffed  hay,  slightly  moistened,  and  the 
bran  and  meal  mixed  with  it.  After  this,  a  bucket  of  water  left 
In  the  stall  except  hi  the  coldest  weather.  The  bucket  is  fixed  near 
thefeed-box,  Boit  can  not  be  tipped  over,  and  it  has  generally  been 


I 


AA  KEEP*''"    ^^^  CQ'ir. 

.    „.  „.^n     At  tl  the  rcgulnr  watering,  two  or 

then  given,  ami  the  cow  left  for  the  night. 

It  WD.  n  y  Intention  to  feed  the  rootn  In  two  part«,  "lonilnK  and 
nliht  and  I  should  have  preferred  thlH,  hut  my  time  In  the  morn- 
f  '^  '.ri  Lltol  PrenarU  the  roots  over  night,  they  Hometlmea 
SjLa  ould  TuTu  e  Jay  at  evening,  ready  ^or  the  morning 
froze,  hut  1 ««»'""  J  /„„^  ^„g  about  to  give  out,  some  of 

choivfccd.    As  one  """U  "'  .         ^  ^^^  gu.idcn  changcB 

"*^rf  Th/elllay  am  'Sk^^i^^  for  February  and 
Ch  we^not  u'^  -aciy  In  those  months,  but  consumed 
Sg  TevTrely  cold  and  windy  spells,  being  added  to  the  usua^ 

'l"'and  Vt  portions.  At  all  ^t--' ;»"«  ^^^^  J,^;  "^h,  iay 
t>lan  full  as  much  as  she  was  ready  to  cat  up  clean.  1  he  nay 
KfTon  hand  a  year  ago  was  all  used  last  summer,  and  before  No- 
i^ra  fullSc«:ho(  the  best  rowen  and  clover  hay  were 

;^So^i:iI™  -  thousand  six  f-«i-i-i,«- r^" 

four  hundred  pounds  respectively,  and  there  Is  a  little  left 

It  ought  also  to  bo  mentioned  that  while  the  cow  was  mainly 
fed  on  sweet  com,  last  July  and  August,  I  was  obliged  U>  add 
!^r.»o  iHiunds  of  cotton-seed  meal  a  day,  to  give  quality  to 
'^"  nV  .»T«r  fed  d.?  at  v  a  As  soon  as  the  feeding  of  car- 
*i;Ct^^n"  Sfs'Safwas  Emitted,  but  it  was  again  needed 
wienTurn^S^^ere  substituted  for  cam>t  and  beet  tops  The  «. 
Jon  of  mangolds  was  Increased  to  about  two  bushels  In  three 
davs  beruTthere  were  plenty  of  them,  and  my  house  eel  ar 
£;  ™Xrwlrm  they  commenced  to  rot.  I  was  very  careful 
S^'S^^e  tie  coTo'i;  soLd  roots.  ThUext™  food  In  February 
aid  March  resulted  In  a  better  milk  record  by  "  June  than  In  the 
J^o  moShs  next  preceding.  I  shall  feed  more  vool^  the  coming 
v^  There  were  more  parsnips  than  could  be  well  used;  thoy 
IZ>  not  nSded  until  April,  and  I  sold  five  dollars'  worth,  as  an 
rS  t^  what  the  cow  got  from  last  year's  kitchen  garden.  The 
cow  goes  on  to  pasture  to-day. 

ThPrefore  in  review,  the  cow  has  been  carried  through  the  year 
wUh  tt  oie  anrone-balf  acres  n^nted  for  thirty  dollars,  and 
rorty-flve  Zlars  expended  for  hay  and  grain.  Against  the  ma- 
nure tiU^en  for  my  garden  may  be  placed  the  cleanings  of  the 
JSXtouL.  thJcontente  of  the  e«rth-cloee^  and  the  garden 


1 


J,  two  or 
the  \kix  ; 
ho  milk- 
rclty  flue 
!iu.    lluy 

mini;  ond 
ihc  morn- 
ometUucB 
niorninff 
,,  gome  of 
I  changes 
ruary  and 
conBumcd 
the  UBunl 
mder  this 
The  hay 
eforc  No- 
hay  were 
thousand 
lift 

as  mainly 
;cd  to  add 
quality  to 
ing  of  car- 
tin  needed 
I.  The  r»- 
Is  in  three 
0U8C  cellar 
ery  careful 
»  February 
than  in  the 
ihe  coming 
used;  they 
orth,  as  an 
rden.    The 

gh  tlie  year 
lollars,  and 
inst  the  ma- 
lings  of  the 
the  garden 


KEEPINO   ONK  COW.  •» 

«.f.im-  and  iMHl.llnir,  ail  of  which  go  Into  the  compost  heap.    Tlie 
"...  f  Ll  raZ  r..„.aln..  and  us  all  .Mthun  b,en  hired  (Includ- 
«  the  plowing  of  the  garden)  W.U.  paid  fro.n  sales  of  surplus 
i  no'furth.T«c<.ountis  Utk.n  of  that,  my  own  t.mo  wan  wc  I 
IS  «*  1»«  balance  sluH..t  shows.     La.t  August,  we    ully  deter- 
Zed  t.u  It  would  be  bettor  for  the  family  cow  to  bo   nsU  in 
Stcn..ber  than  in  the  spring.    The  heal  of  summer  is  the  t  no 
when  it  is  most  difllcull  to  keep  a  cow  proixrly  fed  for  a  go.Hl 
;:;  of  rich  mUk  ..n  u  IH.ie  place  like  this.     U  '«  ^hc  tl-e  w  .^^^^ 
milk  IS  plenty  and  clu.«p  if  je^anu^^^ 
to  maimire  or  ilwptwe  of  if  one  niis  niuiu  "u  "•»■■"• 
S,;i.de  to  make  good  butter  in  dog-<l«ys.  livmg  -  -  '^  - Ul. 
no  spi-cial  appliances,  and  it  is  not  worth  while  for  "« «    K^*  "^ 
p^tcn";  eream'l  and  a  supply  of  ice.     In  the  spring.  -  '^n    - 
a  dry  cow,  but  are  willing  to  have  one  m  Au.^.st.    July  w  U.  lu 
LrJosing  heat  and  decreasing  puslumge. »«  » '"T'-^Jlc  '" 
dry  oft  a  cow.    The  kwper  of  one  cow  can  not  nflf..rd  to  have  her 
Smo^  than  six  week.  In  the  year,  and  may  manage  to  have 
SrrL  four  weeks,  or  even  le«,.  Accordingly,  1  have  nrrungd 
fo  "^re"tocomoln  next8.pteml3er.  andshall  in  future prnclco 
"  wlnU'r-dalrying."    Indeed,  we  have  done  so  the  past  season  for 
wUh  nigral  feeding  of  a  succulent  character,  the  cow  hM\^^ 
well  in  her  milk.    She  is  now  giving  between  five  and  six  quarte 
Tday.  while  not  yet  on  grass,  and  her  tota    yield  for  deven 
Lnths.  since  June  first  (or  rather  for  the  yc^r).  J^.Tl Vmv  tl  bd 
Uiousand  seven  hundred  and  forty-six  quarU.     Ucre  is  my  third 
year's  annual  account  with  "  Juno : " 


KXTKHnS. 

Interest  »t  7  per  cent,  on  cost  or 

cow i-."i «» 

Bont  ofU  seres  of  Und »> 

Hay  left  from  last  yesr » 

U  tool! of  Usy  iHJiigtit.. . .  .. . .  •    w 

aSo  lb'*,  of  Cotton-Bci'd  Mesl  and 

frclgbi  . ? 

1891bn.  Corn-Mefl ■:••••    i 

auO  lbs.  Bran  ©  '   .15  per  owt    .  .a 

Year'sexpenso f* 


I  RSTITIWS. 

W  gto.  Milk  aold  ttt  tvc. .  . ». . .  1*1  10 
55  m  qtii.  Sklm-mllkaold  at  8*c. ..  11. HO 
0()     gj)pg  tJSS.TO 

0"  670  qU.  iiiik ■<>»««  ®i«.ii; 12  u5 

BO  187  io».  Butter  made  ®  SOc. . . .  .j_^^ 


no 


Yearn rctnm ..j»l»l  0) 

W  Mcmornndnm- 

^     CMtkeepIng V^M 

«J     Lcrtwileu W.TO   f».» 


Pins  purcha»o»- 

Miiu.  Mllk(a«c^ >  J; 

531b«.  BiKtorOanc '"  »* 

Cow  products  co«t  family t*l.l5 

An  absolute  profit  of  fifty-five  dollars  from  the  cow  Is  «l'"wn. 
and  a  aJSJlsTger  saving  in  family  expenses,  besides  nine  hundred 
quail  of  skim-mllk  aJd  butter-milk  used  in  the  house  and  pmd- 
!5r"5«d»ndglvenaway.  The  yield  of  the  cow  shows  "June  "to  be 


40  KBKPIKU  OKE  COW. 

ft  KiiiHTlor  animal,  anil  that  \»  what  the  keopcr  of  one  cow  should 
huvo,  for  It  cimtu  llulo  luoru  In  fuoil  and  can;  tliuu  an  onllnory 
one. '  But  If  tho  cow  had  U'lnonly  of  uu'dlun>  quality  ond  nr»n<w 


Fig.  4.— PL4N  OF  VIU-AOl  LOT  A»D  BCBBODHDIHOa. 


milk  could  be  Bold,  it  would  hare  been  a  profitable  operation. 
And  If,  Instead  of  BoHlnR  new  milk,  as  much  butter  had  been  made 
ax  possible,  there  would  still  linTo  reaulted  a  balance  of  over 
twenty  dollars  In  favor  of  the  cow. 


MIm 


'fi 


K  should 
unllimry 
il  no  new 


operation. 

been  made 

ice  of  over 


KEKPINO   ONE  i'OW. 


47 


May  tw.  1M«.-<T<»  rome  within  th«  require.!  limit*  of  thia 
puiMT  llic  joiiriiitl  "f  Ih.'  Iui«  iw..  y-arn  iiiuhI  Ih-  lon.huMNl. 
TUirefon;,  oiuitliog  UtUilt-U  ufucription*,  the  ((« Dcrul  fi.c u  un) 

given,  iiiid  <"mi«'  opInionB 
di-nved  from  thr  flvt-  yean 
morded.)  For  the  y<»r 
eniUnn  Muy,  W9,  the 
method  of  keepmg  "Juw  " 
wim  nuuh  the  mm\r  iw  in 
thiit  iHxt  diitrrilM'il,  Init 
more  rootu  were  miieil  iiiid 
led ;  nome  huy  wii«  miide, 
nnd  only  utrnw  nnd  kt"'" 
fdoil  puniiiisfd.  The  re- 
HuU  was  even  hettcr  than 
that  nhown   by   the    lual 

iiccount.    Diirlnx  the  year 

Fig.  5.-itAiiT  BSD  Of  •TABLE  w  18T0.  j^^^  cndctl,  the  flflli  8ine« 
••June"  WMhouuht.  I  tried  Boding,  keeping  the  cow  in  ntall  and 
yard  almost  all  the  lm,e,  and  have  actually  K«t  thn.ugh  without 
buying  huy  or  straw,  u^ng  only  one  acre  and  a  quarter  to  produce 
all  the.  long  f«ra!?c  needed.  There  »  m  much  left  over  that  I  um 
Hatmrted  one  acre  well  manngwl.  the  preparation  beginning  the 
previous  fall,  can  be  rar.dc  to  aupimrt  my  cow,  with  the  eiception 
of  the  grain  food  and  part  of  the  roots.  But  tbta  require,  n.oro 
timo  for  labor  than  I  can 
give,  and  more  manure 
than  one  cow  makes.  I 
have  had  to  buy  fcrtdixora 
during  the  last  two  yc.ir/«, 
and  allhoush  t'.iey  were 
good,  I  prefer  hereafter 
to  buy  food  and  make 
manure,  rather  thim  buy 
manure.4  to  make  food. 
For  one  situated  as  I  am, 
a  somi-sodins  system,  or 

limited  pasturage  helped  ,     ^  •    u      , .     t 

out  with  other  food,  is  better,  even  if  more  food  is  bouglit.  l 
can  bo  surer  of  what  I  purchase,  and  thus  use  the  one  cow  to 
better  advantage. 

The  «inlv  secret  of  home-made  manure  » to  save  everything,  es- 
pecially ttU  Uquidfl,  mix  everything  as  already  explained,  fork  over 


Fig.  6.— FLAN  Of  BTABLK  III  18TO. 


0 


48 


KIKIMNM   ONE  t'OW, 


riR.  7.— •OtlTH  »in«  or  BTADI.B  *• 
ADAmO  FOB  rOULXBY   IK  IMi-ft. 


fig.  8.— PtAN  Of  ITASLB, 


Fi«  «  .nd  10.-.ABT  AHD  SOnTH  «,.VAT.O«  O*"*"-".  "  '^■°" 

'*^  roB  Poui-TBr  AKD  cow  IM  1876. 


Vg.  \\.-uAxn  wvoon  ruji  am  ohahowd  iob  oow  in  im. 


Mi 


mnm  ■■■ 


KKRI'INO   OSK  «'(»W. 


RO 


rASLB, 


I  OBAIiaiD 


HAV 


•  ftKtOll. 


I187S. 


iinct  Icrt" n  wmpRrt.  to  nmkr  n  h..n»..ir«n<.ti«  iohmmwI,  nn.l  krf p  all 
„„,|..r . nv. r  .indl  ii».'.l     .V  v.-ry  .ll«lu  ..n.l  .li.up  prot-illim  «Im.I 

'^  A«  u> '«lou»ing,  I  »»«g«»n  wUli  i»  pUlu  frame  niabl.-  foun.l  ui»<m 


Fig.  13.— rUOII?  IMVATIOII  At  CBAMOEU  IM    1878 


tlio  plarc,  mndc  originally  for  on«  l.on.c  an.l  a  buffiry,  nnd  h«TO 
Knwl  mUycliunKt-I  and  n.Ulod  U.  It,  (loii.K  m.mK.f  the  work  myself, 
m.Ul  a  very  Bulinfu.  tory  ImiMinK  ho.  rr.ultccl.    It  coDtalnH  room 


Fig.  13.-P1-A1.  Of  BARS  BASmiEHT  WITn  NBW  htOHE  IXJimDATIOJ...  t87«. 


enouRh  for  n  year's  foraRe.  includrng  mot-cellar,  a  ^^^J^J^ 
BUll,  convrnlcntly  nrranRed  for  «ivin«  labor,  ample  ahod-room  for 
coinpott.and  a  aUeltered  yard  conUunuig  five  or  «x  square  roda. 

3 


■it 


wblrh  !«  M  «<>.).»  M  more.  Thrn-  U  ninnlnit  wntrr  In  tlio  yird. 
The  plrnu  wompmiyh.;;  tl.U  i.rtUU-,  fl r.  5  I"  la  li.. luilvp,  .how 
ll»i-«i-  arniiiKtnii'aU  \xlUt  tlimi  any  .!«•    rl|itU»n  in  wrUhtij. 

••  Jun."  Iiifl  lior  ttflh  «aH  H.|>U«ml«r  •Ixtli,  IHTH,  and  her  ulstU 
•Jt«illy  u y«mr  luttr.  At  tho  iHlU cu! Ann  Ihcn.  wui a "  foU"  pnwn- 
UUon,"  nn.l  m  v.ry  iMrt..u«  lln.c.  N<.  oomiMHrnt  nU.rhmriun  wn« 
within  path,  or  tlw)  oik?  woul.l  havo  l.i <:i  < ttllo.l.  Ai  It  w:;»,  1 
looked  <il»  llio  •ul.Jwl  In  limk  voIiimh-^  <>f  u^rUullural  |m|KTH 
itna  other  puhllcBtlon*.  w.-nt  to  work  myM^lf,  on.l  Ktlllnu  the  . ulf 
into  pn-iK-r  ,K.illlon,  nucrmli-.l  In  .ir.Tllng  a  .hllTiry  without 
...rlou*  .onwiui-nccH.  I^t  8.pl.MnlMr'H  .alf  wim  a  helf. r,  .in(l 
by  a  lino  nln-.  no.  an  "  Jun<i"  hn»  rfath..l  h.r  prini. ,  If  not  paxiicd 
It  I  am  rnUlnn  tliU  calf  to  inok«  a  mw  cow  to  •u.ro.U  th«  worthy 
aim  M<»t  k<!c|)«ni  of  ono  cow,  howcrcr,  urt«  w.  .lluut.-.l  llmt  tlioy 
had  iKiltrr  dUiHHw  of  calvoii  at  once.  Making  vi-iil  U  not  an  proflt- 
abli)  M  making  butter,  and  feeding  iiklm.inllk  to  ihll.lnn  and 

chickens.  ,     ,       .,  ,    ,  „ 

In  order  to  have  the  proilueU  of  the  cow  iKTfwHy  satUfiutory, 
I  lay  great  itrew  u|H»n  tl»o  ulnioiit  care  and  cleanlln.'M  in  inllklnr. 
Flrtt  aco  that  the  stall  and  all  about  It  la  In  order,  pure  ulr,  und 
no  duat  flying,  and  the  udder  and  Uank  of  the  cow  <iulto  clean. 
Except  In  the  coldest  weather,  tlie  udder  la  »lM)nged  olf  with  tepid 
water,  and  wl,)c.l  dry,  Ju»t  Mon  milking.  Then  I  tru.t  no  one 
to  milk  for  me,  hut  do  It  myself,  quietly,  quickly,  und  rompl<t<  ly, 
milking  Into  a  funnel,  which  carries  the  fluid  to  a  covind  |wll, 
which  serves  also  a  scat.  This  new  ond  truly  "  Perfect "  milking- 
pall,  which  I  flret  saw  dca^rlbtd  In  the  Amkbicam  Aoricoi- 
T0BUT,  Is  a  great  Improvemtnt  on  all  oiien  vessels.  I  pref(  r  n.>t 
to  have  the  cow  eating  while  I  milk;  she  should  give  her  wliob 
attention  to  the  operation,  as  well  qs  the  udlkcr.  Thla  certainty 
that  my  milk  roaches  the  house  ttl)soluUly  pure,  not  only  satlsHia 
as  as  to  our  own  cream  and  butter,  but  makes  "Juno's"  milk  In  greet 
demand  In  the  neighborhood.  Our  nclghlM.rs  so  much  prefer  It  to 
mUkmcn's  milk  that  they  arc  willing  to  send  to  the  house  for  It, 
ond  pay  more  than  the  tisual  vlllagr>  prlcc.  Thla  adda  materially 
to  the  profit  of  keeping  ono  cow. 


tlto  yard. 
Ivc,  *liow 

her  Mistit 
Ml  |)ri'w>ii> 
iirian  wurt 

It  \vi:ft,  t 
al  |m|M'rH 
Ijf  t1|(<  t'ulf 
r  without 
rlfrr,  iind 
lilt  iiiitM'd 
lin  wortliy 

I  tliiit  they 
t  UM  protU- 
lilrcn  iuul 

tlnfiu'lorir, 

II  iiillkin  r. 
c  ulr,  uDtl 
illo  cloun. 
with  tepid 
UHt  no  uDO 
oiupli'ti  ly, 
n-rvJi  |Kill, 
"  lullking* 

AURICUL- 

pn'fi  r  ii<>t 
hir  wh')b 
a  certainty 
ily  8allMti(8 
Ilk  in  griM.t 
prefer  It  to 
time  for  it, 
niBterially 


.9 


m 

T 

tii 
St 


s. 


KKKl'iNO   ONK  tOW,  ^ 

JOBEPII  KAUN1-:ST  AND  HIS  COW  "COMFOIIT." 

A   STitllY   01'  Tin:   WKSTICUX    IIKSKIIVK. 
Dv  H.  n.  Moiinm,  <  iiaulestown,  i-ontAdE  co.,  o. 
TiKluM.rv  ..f  l.:«viMt;  Ir.s!.  milk,  man.,  m..ll  .niter,  inny  bo 
cnl yc  M^ -cry  f...uly  in  .i.y.  town, or  l.u.nl, .. .h.,l ran  ,.rov  ^ 
a ,,,  V  with  ll.o  ncusHari-s  .■xi-nss.-l  in  <.no  w..ra-<o«n  ...t.     To 
I,  ^^        n.yl.-  <lon..  in  tl.i.  rcspt-.t.  allow  n.c  to  ..vc  Ho.nc- 

carpontrr,  nn.l  never  kept  ahornc  or  cow.     After  plUn^'  lb.  b  n 
U   'l,cJl  educntion  ho  couM  receive  nt  tl..-  eoninK.n  school,  he  kept 
hm  at  work  with  himHclf  nntil  J..seph  also  hrr.mc  a  mnBter  car- 
™  Itr     At  the  time  <.ur  story  con.menccH,  he  in  mnrried  nn.l  lum, 
•  Tf   n  iy  or  t  n«  «-"»<lrcn. a  girl  of  ei«ht.  a  hoy  of  bIx  yenrB,  and  a 
V  1        nv  .  ..histrv  economy,  and  good  hahits,h(.  had  accumulated 
nu.?.;ri,n.chae  a  half-acre  lot  in  the  outskirts  of  a 
S  J^  i  >g     1  '  c,u"ing  t<.wn.    Upon  this  lot  ho  h.ul  hu  It  a 
Jma    im' "n^fortai.le  hous...    Hi.  wife,  the  daughter  f --^^'^ 
do     rmcr,  having-  a  little  property  of  her  ..wn,  invested  it  .     tl^^ 
wa  t  ot  mljoinin,'  then..    The  ^vlnter  previous  Josepl>  had  pu 
rabnildin:.  which  was  to  serve  the  double  purpose  of '"^r"  ^'J 
workri.    The  barn  for  his  visiting  friends  the  workshop    or 
ZS      Huekof  this  building.and  adjacent  to  it  was  a  small  hen^ 
iiimsLii.    1  tent  fi  few  fowls;  ot  one  sido  was  a  shed  for 

too  owner  ^''8  neat  and  orderly,  as  well  as  thrifty,  while  wUhln 

Joseph,      How  1  w  mil  wo  i  ^^^   ^^^.^^  ^ 

r '^nd Vrir  f  wouTd  br  so  mucl  healthier  if  they  could 
?^'  1  mill^^  uiv  want "  Joseph  agreed  wit.i  her,  and  would 
^r-S  vou  know  Sry  we  c.lnnot  raise  our  own  vegetables 

"'^h  ^„^,1  Lena  cow  with  only  one  acre  of  land."  Imagine 
and  frmt.  and  keep  a  cow,  w.  y  ^^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^^^^ 

''"J  'TSchnfa  cow     llewassoon  surrounded  by  his  family 

S  plSl  w  Sue^^^^^^^  such  as :  Whose  is  she?  Where  did  you 

£r7  mit  will  you  do  with  her  ?     In  answer  to  these  ques- 

get  her  i  ^V  hat  win  yo  Durham's  this  n^om'ng, 

r^VutSSSy-wttwasbackonthewoxkldidforM^^^^^ 


64 


KEEPING  ONE  COW. 


last  fall.  I  found  him  feeding  liis  cattle  and  made  known  my 
errand.  Ho  said  lie  had  no  money  at  present,  but  was  wanting  to 
sell  a  cow,  and  as  soon  as  he  could  would  pay  me.  1  asked  him 
which  cow  he  wanted  to  sell ;  he  pointed  out  this  one,  winch  was 
smaller  than  the  others  and  seemed  driven  by  them.  Not  a  very 
large  cow,  he  said,  but  young,  wiili  some  Jersey  blood  in  her- 
betler  for  a  family  cow  than  for  a  factory  cow.  1  say  Earnest,  she 
IS  just  what  you  need,  with  your  family.  But  I've  no  place  to  put 
her,  said  I,  and  I  don't  know  how  to  lake  care  of  a  cow.  Non- 
sense, said  he,  put  her  in  your  stable  for  the  present,  and  you  1! 
learn  how  to  take  care  of  her  fast  enough.  But  what  shall  I  feou 
her  ?  Why  the  money  you  pay  Churchill  for  milk,  with  what  you 
can  raise  on  your  lot,  will  keep  your  cow  right  along,  and  instead 
of  one  quart  a  day,  you'll  have  all  the  milk  and  cream  and  butler 
you  want  to  use,  and  some  to  spare,  and,  Mary,  I  thought  it 
would'nt  break  us  up  if  it  didn't  prove  a  success,  so  I  took  the  cow 
on  what  he  was  owhig  me-twenty-flve  dollars-and  here  she  is. 

"  Oh  Joseph,  I  am  so  glad  you  bought  her,  I  do  believe  we  can 
keep  her,"  said  Mary,  "how  gentle  she  8eems,"-for  during  the 
talk  the  children  had  been  petting  the  cow,  who  appeared  well 
pleased  with  her  new  acquaintances.  The  baby  partaking  of  the 
general  animation,  crowed  with  delight,  as  though  already  antici- 
pating the  good  time  coming. 

"  She  has  behaved  like  a  baby  coming  over  here,"  said  Joseph, 
"  and  I  declare  I  begin  to  love  her  already.    I  have  always  wished 
tre  could  live  where  we  could  have  animals  around  us,  and  per- 
haps wo  wiUsome  day."    Mary  said  she  hoped  they  could,  for 
8he  felt  lonesome  for  them.     "But  what  shall  we  name  our 
cow  ?    For  my  part  I  would  like  to  call  her  '  Comfort,  and  while 
•he   contributes   to  our  comfort  we   wUl   endeavor  to  do  the 
•ame  for  her."    Joseph  agreed  to  the  name,  saying  he  needed 
plenty  to  eat  and  drink,  a  good  bed  and  pleasant  home,  and  he  be- 
lieved  that  animals  did  too,  so  he  would  give  her  one  of  his  nice 
roomy  stalls  in  his  barn,  make  her  a  bed  of  shavingB  from  the 
•bop  nntil  he  could  do  better.    "  We  have  pure  water  for  her  to 
drink,  with  hay  and  vegetables  to  eat,  and  that  will  keep  her  alive 
untU  we  leam  what  she  will  thrive  on  best."    As  this  was  a 
"  broken  "  day,  he  thought  they  had  better  get  neighbor  Manning  s 
horee  and  carry-all,  and  drive  out  to  father  Granger's.    He  had 
always  been  a  good  farmer  and  could  tell  him  just  how  to  care 
for  the  cow.    A-H  were  delighted  with  this  plan  and  were  soon 
enjoying  a  six-mile  drive  into  the  countiy. 


It 
4 


KEEl'lNO  ONE  COW. 


55 


homo  stopped  ut  the  griBt  ™"»;f  '^'"/Ji"^^^^^  f^r  a  cow  u«t  be- 
thc  old  gentleman  huuI  wob  about  the  »f  «^J«^',;^^^^i^,d  ^  f,ed  „( 
forceominKin.    Afleramvlnghone    Comfo^     r^c  ^^^^^^^ 

hay  and  a  quart  of  bran-had  "'^""•^^"yr;  Sing,  and  ^vith 
cleaned.  Bome  freBh  ^^avings  gleen j'^    Jor  "^  »-'J»  ^K'^„j„    ,,,. 

kind  patfl  and  words  ^'f^^^.^^'^'^^^^^^  get  thepnvilege 

d.„g  wan  talked  over.  /"^P^/J^'^'ilnuout  one   half   mile 
of   gathering   leaves   from   a  woou    »<h 
diBta'Jt,  but   Mary   thought  tbey   w-WJ^   ^  not  qut  the 
season,  then  aawdust  --' «"'«t:J'el\a'^^  bet- 

decompose.  Suddenly  J^P^^^^f  ^  'last  faTt^  d<;  ijob  of 
thing.  You  rcme»nb«r  1  ^J  ""^^  ^  J„\„  ^ame  to  bnug  me 
work  fo' Cbarlic  Curt.8s  s  b«.ther,^d  w^^^^^^  ^^^  ^.^  ^^^^  ^^^^^ 

homo,  with  my  tools,  he  P«t  *  '"^  l*  j^^  ^^^  ^i,at  he  waa 
and  also  put  m  a  "'^"^f  "/^ff^a.^luckV  to  bed  his  cows 
gomg  to  bring  homo  and  he  said  °»  ^^^^^'^^^  fl^  eents  you 
with-that  the  shucks  were  dry  and  l'"»''y' ^^'^  ;°\°  ^^  tue  best 
could  get  all  you  could  d~w  at  a  lou^.    ^e^^r^  -^^  j^, 

and  cheapest  beddmg  ho  co^Ud  f  t.  a"d  mu  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^  ^^^ 
itscU  m  the  value  of  the  manure,     lu^t  J^„„^y,:'    So  the  next 

been  thmkmg  'Comfort'  ought  to  have  a  hme  y  ^  ^^^ 

can  walk  around  and  en  oy  tb«  ««;«»»°;  ^^^oroi  the  hennery 

gomg  tobulld  a  fence  *'«» ^^^^  jf **"/;„Xi  the cora^^ 
Jothefencoonthobacksideonhelo    andc^efr^^^    ^^^  ^^^ 

Srcr^^^-Sl^^Ju-efuand^^^^^^^ 
the  hottest  weather. 


!  i 


66 


XEEIMKU  ONE  COW. 


Another  cvinlng,  lui  Jcwu'ph  came  honw  from  work,  Jfiiry  nskod, 
"  Whut  in  tlic  world  arts  you  jjolng  to  do  witli  Mu'sc,"  a»  kIio 
drew  from  ilin  buudli'  u  curd  and  linisli,  "  Wliicli  <if  tlio 
family  an;  you  going  to  um:  these  on  Y"-"  Oli,  I  lliouuht 
tliey  would  be  good  lliini;»  to  have  in  the  house,"  said  Jo>eph, 
laujjhing.  "  You  know  1  ulurted  out  early  this  n\onnng  to  go 
around  l»y  MaHon's,  to  fee  ahoul  repairing  lii«  house  this  next  Bum- 
mir.  He  Li  one.  of  the  liest  of  fanners,  all  his  htoek  look  thrifty— 
everything  i«  up  in  order,  and  he  makes  farming  iwiy.  I  found 
him  in  the  stable  carding  and  brushing  his  tows.  That  was  anew 
idea  to  me,  and  I  asked  him  if  be  thought  it  really  paid  bun  to 
Bjicnd  so  much  time  and  labor  on  his  cows.  Well,  Buid  be,  I>o 
had  the  care  of  rattle  nigh  on  to  tldrty  years,  and  I  think  my  card- 
ing and  brushing  pay  us  well  as  anything  I  can  do,  and  there  i» 
nothing  an  animal  enjoys  more  than  huving  its  coat  combed." 
"What  did  Mr.  Mason  say  about  the  work."— "  He  is  going  to 
have,  his  house  tlioroughly  repaired,  and  1  am  glad  lo  sny  your 
husband  has  tlic  job,  and  he  is  going  to  keep  lim  eyes  nnil  ears  oi>cn 
and  lenm  what  he  can  about  farming." 

Joseph  had  bought  u  load  of  fine  hay  a  farmer  was  taking  into 
town  to  market,  and  "  Comfort"  was  now  fed  hay  tlm-e  times  a  day, 
with  two  quarts  of  bran  night  and  moniiiig.  At  noon  there  was 
Bometbing  from  the  house  also,  lik«'  iM)talo  and  apple  peelings, 
small  potatoes,  wilted  tumiiisor  beets,  cut  up  cabbage  leaves,  etc. 
Tlie  chddren  thought  it  nice  fun  to  feed  her  at  noon.  Some  loose 
bars  had  been  put  up  to  her  stall  wliich  was  quite  roomy,  and  she 
did  not  have  to  be  driven  into  it  by  some  of  the  men  and  all  of 
the  boys  in  the  neighborhood,  but  when  the  gate  of  the  yard  was 
opened  she  walked  briskly  to  hersUdl,  knowing  she  would  And  a 
good  supiicr  waiting  for  her.  Humane  care,  the  plenty  of  food 
and  dr.nk,  given  n'gularly,  have  wrought  in  a  month's  time  a 
great  change  in  the  appearance  of "  Comfort. '  From  being  a  poorly 
fed  "whipped  "cow  In  a  dairy,  suflcring  all  the  discomfort  of 
stanchions  for  eighteen  out  of  twenty-four  hours,  with  no  bed  but 
a  bare  floor— she  has  come  to  be  a  thrifty,  happy  animal,  giving 
g%^l  promise  of  rewarding  her  owners  well  for  their  care.  One 
morning  the  tirst  week  in  April,  Joseph  came  m  from  the  barn 
looking  pleased,  but  a  little  anxious.  "  Children,"  he  said,  "  what 
do  you  thmk  1  found  at  the  barn  this  morning? "— "  Oh,  a  bossy," 
they  said,  delighted  with  the  idea.— "  Yes, '  Comfort '  has  a  httlo 
'  comfort;  and  she  is  very  proud  of  it ;  but  now  comes  the  rub. 
who  18  to  milk,  and  what  is  to  be  done  with  the  calf?  "— "  Oh," 


said 

and 

will 

tuki 

we 

ges 

wh 

ces 

Ml) 

sal 

dal 

ha 

wi 

an 

W 

nc 

ar 

m 

ai 

bi 

hi 

Vi 
W 

q 

a 

c 

c 


KEIU'lNlt   ONE  COW. 


67 


1 1  W«rv  "I  L'tirsH  1  have  n"t  quite  forgotten  how  to  milk  yet 

„„a  >•"" '^f  «;•""  ;;i",-/:  „"'„  k  out  what  tLccaJf  docs  not 
r'u'';;;rt«  n  «  a  "uul  lly  Mr.  Mason'-  and  ask  l.l.nwhat 
tak.-,  and  you  urn j,  /  ^^^^  these  were  good  sug- 

wchadbette   dovU    t  t  can.  ,        ^^^^^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^^^  ^^^^^^ 

goHtion.,  and  af l.r  «  ""^  "^ /^f  ^^^ ,,  ogru.nnuv-which  ^va8 sue- 
while  she  pcrlonned  l'"^"^  I'-^'V''    "*'    '  ^^jk  by  way  of  farmer 

*';TMr  if  .'you  a'  caeonMiorveaUt.  Don't  many  but 
gtUd  Mr.  »>•.>"  way,  and  I  shouUl  advise  you  to  let  It 

dairymen  follow  the  '"^^/">'  "'      „  u^  ^n^  the  butcher 

have  all  the  milk  U  wants  for  <our  "r  flvt  ^^^«J«.  J^'*  j^^^^jf 

quarts  as  his  share. 

ni  1.  dav    dven  regularly,  out  of  door  exercise  In  pleasant  weather, 
each  day),  given  n-guiiuij,  "  Clover  hay,  corn  fod- 

nnd  general  good  care  wdl  give  the  first.       Clover  "^y- 
Tw  theat  bran  or  ground  oats,  with  some  roots,  will  keep  up  tlio 
S";     rm'lk""Srhe.   "but  if   you  want  thick  cr^am    and 
SLty  of  golden  butter,  feed  your  cow  corn  meal     When  my 

oL  tablespoonful  of  salt.     \Ae  make  more  and  better  butter  on 
this  feed  than  when  the  cows  have  grass  only. 


f§  XEEPINO   UNE  COW. 

Joseph,  hATtDK  no  cxpericnco  of  his  own,  was  glad  to  uso  that 
of  otbeni  in  rvgnnl  to  his  cow,  so  from  this  time  ho  begun -feeding 
"  Comfort "  corn  moul,  beginning  with  a  pint  and  inca'osing  gradu- 
ally to  one  quart ;  the  result  being  plainly  seen  In  the  Improved 
quality  of  the  milk  and  condition  of  the  coif  When  tliia  was  flvo 
weeks  old  the  butcher  took  it  away  giving  flvo  dollars  for  it,  and 
seemed  much  pleased  with  his  l)argain. 

That  evening  Joseph  figured  a  little.  Ho  found  his  bran  and^ 
com  meal  had  cost  three  dollars  and  flfly-flve  cents,  so  there  was  a 
balance  of  one  dollar  and  forty -five  cents  from  the  calf  to  pay  on  tlio 
bay.  They  hod  had  from  three  to  four  quarts  of  milk  per  doy,  of 
better  quality  than  that  thoy  could  have  bought  for  six  cents  a  quart 
Tlilrty  doys,  tlireo  and  one-holf  quarts  a  doy,  at  six  cents  a  quart, 
is  six  dollars  and  thirty  cents.  By  stabling  and  bedding  the  cow, 
quite  a  quontity  of  good  manure  had  accumulated,  and  Joseph  felt 
very  well  satisfied,  so  far,  with  his  experiment,  and  most  of  all  for 
the  luxury  of  having  good  sweet  milk  for  the  family  use.  It  was 
now  the  middle  of  May,  grass  was  well  started,  and  as  there  were 
farms  near  them,  it  was  thought  best  to  hire  pasture  for  the  sum- 
mer. By  inquiry  they  found  she  could  be  pastured  one-fourth 
mile  from  home.  This  seemed  too  for  to  carry  the  milk,  and 
would  tafeo  too  much  time  to  drive  back  and  forth  twice  a  day. 
"  Why  not  keep  her  at  homo  nights,  and  feed  her  sometliing  ob 
we  do  now,"  said  Mary ;  "  she  will  be  glad  to  come  home  then. 
Father  alwoys  feeds  his  cows  bran  in  the  summer;  ho  says  it  pays 
in  their '  coming  up'  if  in  nothing  else.  He  goes  to  the  goto  ond 
calls '  come  boss,'  ond  they  all  start  as  quickly  as  If  ho  bod  said, 
•  come  to  supper,'  and  it  is  that  to  them."  So  It  was  decided  to 
keep  "  Comfort"  homo  nights.  In  a  few  days  "  Comfort "  was  intro- 
duced to  her  summer  range,  and  quickly  learned  the  way  to  ond 
from  the  posture,  and  th«5  children  thought  it  a  great  pleasure  to 
drive  her  to  and  fro. 

"Joseph,"  said  Mary,  about  this  time,  "  what  shall  we  do  with 
the  sour  milk  ?  The  neighbors  will  take  some  of  it  at  two  cents  a 
quart,  but  the  demand  la  irregular,  and  it  don't  seem  right 
to  throw  it  away.  Don't  you  think  wo  better  get  a  pigT"— 
"  Perhaps  so  ;  as  wo  arc  in  for  experiments  this  year  we  might  try 
that  also.  Mason  has  some  nice  piga— two  kinds.  One  kind 
make  large  growthy  animals,  the  other  kind  are  smaller  but  finer, 
and  would  be  best  for  us,  I  think"  Soon  a  pig  was  added  to  their 
farm  stock.  Joseph  declared  ho  would  not  try  to  live  without  a 
cow  again  if  it  cost  twice  as  much  to  take  care  of  her.  "  Why  wo 
didn't  know  what  good  living  was  until  'Comfort'  came  to  lire 


. 


wi*l 

{JVM  I 
HO  > 

blui 
coo 
wll 

slxi 

cue 

ref 

cei 

qu 

tw 

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on 

Jo 

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P< 

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1 

i 


KKKPINO   OXB  COW. 


S9 


. 


wl'h  ««.  <1UI  wo,  children T "-"  N",  iiu1<«J.  «">>•  ^^1"  »  ^'^  «' '•'^  *« 
rvnnaWH."-''L'-kat  thl.  bui.y. '  ««l.l  Mury.  "«:.e  ...vrr  wa. 

blU8h  up|.!.>.     You  cun't  lUlnk  what  a  help  th.>  ...  Ik  Is  t..  iiA-  I 
c«.ki..K.     1  e:«.  alway.  have  Bomcthlng  fr«'sh  u...»  nice  now,  .mel  It 
will  k'Bsi'n  our  .neat  Mil  too."  ...  i  i  „ 

S '.«T<.f  the  ndghbors  wanted  to  buy  milk ;  ••Comfort"  wn^rlvbR 
.ixt  en  luurt.  a  clay.    So  four  nelshboriuK  famllUs  were  Kupp  U.l 
euTwlt .  ..ne  quart  of  ,nllk  a  day.  and  after  a  wn  k«  tr  »  Ma  y 
parted  «he  had  .nado  live  .K.unds  of  butter  that  wa.s  --. .  t  wen  y 
cents  iM-r  P<ju..d.  grocery  price.     Th.y  had  Hold  twenlye.Bht 
quart,  of  mTlk  at  six  cenJa  quart,  butter  and  -nllk  a.no,.ntlnK  to 
?raollarH  and  sixty-eight  centn.   and  they   'f ,»««/  " 
weet   milk,  crean.,    sour  milk    and    butter-milk    ";^y  jf  J' 
and    the    piil    bad  been  kept   on  the   surplus  of  the  last  two. 
Jolh  wis-'now    feeding  '•  Comfort"   as  Mr.    Mason  advised 
3   corn    n.eal    and    bran,    two-thirds   o     the    fom.er    and 
;,^  -third  of  the  latter  by  weight,  giving    three  quarts  «     x^ 
mixture    night  anu    morning.      Corn  meal  cost  one    cent    ^r 
pound,  bran  cost  two-thinls  of  a  cent  a  pound,  the  cost  of  Uo  feed 
S^Jday  being  a  fraction  over  seven  eenU.     He  also  K"ve  her  a  ht- 
Kay-to  the  value  of  say  ten  cenU  a  week-pasture  -'•««;"»;; 

flveeenua  week,  so  the  expense  "^ ''7,,'^'-«»:  "«  ^rnrom /f'one 
rents  a  week  the  work  offsetting  the  milk  used,  left  a  profit  o  one 
Slrareliy-.hree  cents.  There  was  «-;.- item  noUo  1. 
overlooked.  The  manure  that  was  '»'=«""'"»'^»"K'  'J"  t^fcU 
which  was  larccly  increased  by  the  ground  feed  given  the  cow, 


f-<pilp*n** 


00  KBEl'INtt   UNU  UOVr. 

them  cxctllent  liclpn.  "  I  Iwivc  ncvpr."  sal<l  lie,  " paid  ont  monry 
for  nnytliln>{  IhiU  ««mc  buck  ih  quUkly  willi  iw  (I.xhI  proUl,  us  t*u- 
iHr!>h<>Nph.uo».  TlicHc  an.J  oiIkt  f.Tilliz.rH  muHt  l)f  uwd  wUU 
JU(J;fimiii  lo  K»t  ll«"  »>«»'  ^l•turn^  Iml  on  ^riivelly  «oll,  wlih  a  clay 
Biilxioll  like  oum  here,  it  puyn  well."  Jo..eph  uIho  iinkt  <l  Mr.  M. 
what  he  coulil  raiw^  oa  hin  lot  to  the  liesl  iwlvnnlaKe  for  his  low. 
"  1  HhouUl  «i>y  Bowcil  eorn  niul  moiigel  wuraelM.  You  we  this 
little  l(.t  at  the  back  of  Ih.;  baru,  It  u«  tea  nquoro  roilii,  and  very 
rich  ground. 

COKN  FODDER. 
"I  iow  this  to  com  In  drllU  about  this  time  (the  last  of  May),iO 
that  it  geu  well  tasselrd  by  the  time  pastures  begin  to  get  rather 
dry  ns  they  UHually  do  after  the  middle  of  summer,  then  I  begin 
to  feed,  and  it  helps  keep  up  the  ttow  of  ndlk  amazingly.  It  is  a 
Bwcet,  Juicv  and  nutritious  feed,  Just  the  thing  for  cows.  Let  mo 
calculate  allttlc.  Why  E  irnest,  if  your  It  .  rould  be  mode  to 
produce  like  this  piece,  y<m  can  rtilso  coarse  fodder  enough  for 
your  cow  for  six  months,  on  thirty  square  rods  of  ground.  I  like 
some  roots  (or  cows-we  like  a  variety  of  fiKxl,  so  do  unlmals. 
The  l)C8t  roots  I  know  of  to  raise  for  stock  are  sugar  bceU  or 

the  mangels."  ..,...,,  « 

Very  soon  after  this  conversation  Joseph  had  his  half  acre  ol 
land  plowed  deep  and  in  narrow  furrows,  aa  he  had  seen  reconi- 
mended  In  agncultund  papers.  The  manure  that  ha.l  accumu- 
lated  from  the  cow  was  used  for  a  toiMlressluff  for  one  half  of  the 
plowed  iwrtlon.  This  was  well  harrowed,  and  three-fourths  of  it 
lightly  furrowed  with  the  plow,  two  and  one  half  feet  apart.  The 
remaining  one-fourth  was  turned  Into  ridges  as  close  as  the  fur- 
rows could  be  turned  together.  His  team  work  was  now  done  for 
the  present  on  this  part  of  his  lot  csi^elally  cct  apart  for  his  cow. 
(The  other  half  of  the  plowed  lot  waf  to  be  used  for  his  main 
fomlly  garden,  he  having  spaded  up  some  l>eds  for  early  vcgeta- 
bles.)  He  had  provided  himself  with  seed  com  from  farmer 
Mason's,  some  mangel  wur/xl  seed  from  the  seed  store,  and  olso 
a  bag  of  two  hundred  pounds  of  phosphate,  of  a  brand  recom- 
mended by  Mr.  M.  The  phosphate  was  sprinkled  in  the  plow 
morks,  at  the  rate  of  three  hundred  pounds  to  the  acre,  as  near 
as  could  be  Judged,  the  soil  in  the  bottom  of  the  furrow  was 
lightly  stirred  with  a  four  pronged  potato  hook,  the  com  was 
sprinkled  in,  about  eight  kemels  to  the  foot  [sixteen  to  twenty  is 
bcttcr-ED  1  and  covered  about  tw()  inches  deep.  One  half  of 
the  piece  designed  for  com  was  planted,  and  the  other  half  left  to 


KEKl'lNit   ONi:   <  OW.  •• 

Iv,  (rMtod  In  thP  «ntno  way  kou.o  iwo  wockn  luior.    Tlir  lop 

w';;  nmi  «  on  ...el.  with  u    lun.l    l.oo.  an-l  pl.o-p  mt  • :  prlnkl.a 

Tr."         ...or.    lilMTally    .l.«..   ior   .l.c  .-rn.    TI.Ih  w..«    hor- 

.Jl  y  mU..l  will.  11.0  Holl.th.-  f..rrow   l.c..oml..g  nourly  hvd 

Tuh  U.  "     rf  «■...      A  II.U-  ^v..s  aru^vn  by  which  a  U«ht  n.urk  .va. 

w  n-  M.I  n  ana  covn-d  a.K.ut  one  h,.!. .ic.,,,the  ..11 '"  •"^  l';'-  > 
Invn  11,'htly  will.  tl...  ho...     Aft..r  »:,vln«  .-nou^h  ,,ho.phuto  for  Iho 
b  1  m    ..f  lhoiorn.«...l  n  lil.l..  to  c.x...nnu.nl  w.U.  on  Bomo  Wo 
p^KltocH,  the  rtMnulndcr  won  Kown  bro.ul.uHt  <.n  ll.«  Hovr     U  M 
run;  ;hort  of  .ovcrlnK  .h.  whoU-.  and  Jo.-ph  •'-"«  |       - 
touia  make  a  ^o<kI  opportunity  to  test  lt«  vlrtueB.      lU  ».edi 
Tm    np  well.  «".l.  JL  l.^d  all  ho  eould  attend  to  nightn  and 
mZim><  1.0  hired  ;  neighbor  to  do  hU  far.n  work,  and  he  def;  - 
X  I  no  weeds  nhouM  have  the  bc-nettl  of  hl«  f^rtUlzern  or  ho  1 ; 
ami  .hi«  part  of  his  programme  was  thoroughly  carried  out  during 
the  growing  scaaon. 

SUMMER    Ql'ARTEUa. 
In  "  Comfort's"  yanl  wa«  a  comer  formed  by  the  boni  on  one  bWo. 
tUH.ennrv  on  an<-aer,  and  the  board  fence  on  a  thir.1  x.de.  Joseph 
"  a  f -.T^Vcor'ner.  and  about  a  foot  deep  of  -^;'-;^;- 

C  Lround,  and  fasU-n.'d  a  box  to  the  side  of  the  barn  for  her  to 
cat  iut  or  and  here  were  her  summer  c.uarten..  Every  n.ommg 
Lf,rmikln"  the  droppin-,'9  were  cleaned  up  and  piled  m  one 
S,  ^r  o  th^^a  d.  As  so^n  as  the  clover  began  to  blossom  an 
Zfu  wasau'each  evenin,  and  feJ  to  "  Comfort"  after  her  rntjon 
of  drv  feed  and  the  mornmg  feed  was  discontin-ied.  After  the 
"J>r:!:^la;;  enough,  that  took  the  place  ;_^^<;;-; -''l^S 
thrcafned ;  then  it  was  cut  up  and  bound  m  small  bundles,  walcn 
were  set  up  In  large  stooks,  to  cure  for  winter  use. 

No  difference  was  observed  in  the  first  crop  of  '^"^<;^'  '"  J^' 
of  the  phosphate,  but  the  second  c.ttinR  was  largely  benefited  by 
Z  use  ^  Over  onUalf  of  the  fir,t  and  second  cuttings  were  cured 
and  si.,red  m  the  bam.  w.th  all  of  the  grass  around  the  yard 
which  wUhTully  two-thirds  of  the  stalks,  would  bo  neariy,  .f  not 
mme  enough  coarse  feed  to  lost "  Comfort"  through  the  wmtcr.  The 
quite  enougu  CO  .       t„.flvc  bushels,  not  a  very  large  yield, 

r^tfsi^  s1.c^^  "n^^^^^^^^  the  soil  had  not  really  .K>en 
LrmSd  but  one  yeaT.  The  roots  were  pitted  near  the  barn  tor 
.pnTg  ur  Some  of  the  com  stalk-  were  set  bo  as  to  form  a 


H  KEKl'iKO   ONK  CUW. 

•lunling  roof  orer  thorn  i  thnx*  «>r  four  ln«  Lm  of  dirt  thrown  OTcr 
tlilH ;  nftirwariU  rnoiiKli  to  k.'<|i  lliein  from  frccilng. 

AlKiiit  the  nnl  of  N<.T.n.lKr,"  Comfort"  wtw cmt.ni.hed  In  win- 
ter .luurtm  In  the  .lull,  at  ni«lit  uu.l  .lurlnR  .tormy  .lays  .m.l  lii  I  ho 
yur.{  on  plcuant  doyi.  8ho  contlnucl  in  milk  until  the  mld.llo 
of  F.hruury.  on.l  wm  In  frrnh  milk  Marth  eighteenth,  wan  uttrly 
•n<l  . onlcnt.a-a  comfort  to  look  at  a*  well  Bit  to  own.  Jo«  ph 
EarncBl  wm  well  plciwd  with  hli  year'*  experiment. 
CONCLUHION8. 

It  if  now  three  years  ulnco  ho  brought  comfort  to  liU  home  In 
more  way.  than  one.  Ulii  lUtl.-  farm  In  improvlnR  every  year  In 
fertility  and  value,  and  even  now  hlmmnnn  like  a  ihlnn  of  Ixuujy. 
Borne  of  I.U  nelghbort  haTO  followe.l  hU  example,  for  he  telU 

*  '"Tny  one  who  han  a  place  to  put  a  eow  can  keep  one  with 
profit    If    he  will  make  her  com  fori  nl.le;   that    It   mauer- not 
whether  protection  from  tl.o  w.uthcr  U  wcured  by  Iojh.  mraw, 
,od»,  rough  boartl.,  or  planed  hoards  w.U  palnte.1.    She  mu.t  have 
exercise  .unahlne,  and  fresh  air.  Theae  can  be  obtahud  In  a  •mall 
dry  yard,  kept  clean,  ns  well  as  in  '  Uncle  SamV  postur.-   tho 
oim  pra.rle.    She  muHl  have  something  of  a  variety  of  wh.. le- 
J>me  food,  and  a  plenllfnl  supply  of  pure  water.    No  domestic 
anlt^al.   In  proportion  to  its  weight,  nee.ls  as  much  water  as  a 
milch  cow.    She  must  be  kept  clean  by  litter,  card,  and  brush     If 
these  rules  are  observed  with  Judgment  and  kindness,  very  seldom 
will  any  help  bo  needeil  at  time  of  calving.    If  anything  goes 
wrong  there  is  no  bctur  rule  than  to  uso  one's  commou  sense, 
Uktog  the  advice  of  experienced  neighbors. 

"  To  cconomlM  manure,  an  obundance  of  good  lifter  ihould  be 
used  and  tho  compost  heap  kept  under  cover,  if  possible ;  at  any 
To  not  under  the  eaves  of  the  bam.     If.  with  thj,  home-made 
manure,  your  land  docs  not  produce  all  it  can,  and  y««7»»»«^ 
buy  somi  fertilizing  material,  your  first  choice  should  be  good 
rtable  manure;  if  you  cannot  get  that  reasonably,  use  some  re- 
Ible  brand  of  commercial  fertilizer.    Have  your  cow  'come  In 
when  it  will  be  most  for  your  profit  or  convenience  avoiding  hot 
weather.    The  calf  may  be  killed  when  one  to  three  days  old 
rig  its  hide  and  rennet;  tt  nmy  be  kept  unttl  five  or  six  week. 
S  f!d  on  new  m.lk.  and  '  vealed,'  or  «.ld  for  that  purpose,  or  t 
maybe  raised  on  skim-milk  (after  it  is  three  or  four  week,  old), 
and  sold  In  the  fall  to  some  farmer. 
»  Milking  should  be  done  gently  but  qnlckly,  as  near  twelve 


hi 

w 
if 
c< 

a 
al 


KIBPIKU  UMI  <'0W>  W' 

hoiim  r.i>«rl  m  p.)«#lblc.  Milk  <  l«..n  but  do  n..t  " •trip ;"  «iat^ 
whoh-  hnnd,  and  imt  (!».•  thumb  and  Qnnur  ludy  ;  ulnif  i>r  wliMMk 
If  you  want  to  whllo  milking  j  If  you  aro  good  frUudi.  wllb  ywf 
cow.  ilH'  will  i'ljuy  It. 

"  »ln<>o  till'  Ant  year  I  hayp  not  ImiurIiI  any  coawti  tvc^\.  and  only 
a  Utile  firllllJMT  for  «ra»i  and  (lover,  Hie  row  nn<l  |>Ik  furni»hln« 
■II  Hint  Uncedetl  for  the  plowed  ground,  and  thin  lunt  year  I  huvo 
a  lurplua  of  fml.  I  tell  yoH,  frlendu,  iny  cow  In  the  be»t  aaTlni^ 
bank  I  ever  knew." 

Tlib  aud  luuvU  mom  lald  Juacpb  Eurnciit  to  \\U  nel.^hlHtra. 


ng.u. 


A  OOOD  STABLE  "TIE.' 
Mr.  I).  C.  Kenyiin,  of  CarlM)ndalc,  Pa.,  def«erlbof 
a  eonvcnient  home  uiudo  Htablo  Tie  o«  f  ■Uowi; 
Our  tie,  of  which  we  send  you  u  mlnialim'  suniplo, 
Im  made  of  threc-elKhth»  Inch  rope,  whieh  in  bruided 
into  an  ln)n  rln(j  sliding  freely  up  lUid  down  a  |XMt 
HCt  ehmn  to  the  manger  or  feed-box.  There  la  a 
knot  or  frog  on  one  end,  and  a  loop  m  the  other. 
The  ends  pas»  on  each  Hide  of  the co  w'h  ncik,  agd 
the  knot  la  fillpp«>d  throuj?h  the  loop  which  moy 
be  made  tighter  by  twlrttlng.  Similar  fnslenlnga 
made  of  chains  with  iinaphooks  may  be  iMJUght  at 
the  hardware  stores,  Imt  such  an  om  an  Is  here 
(IcacrilxKl  will  last  a  long  time  and  answer  every 
purpow. 


L 


1 


N<i  ON*  coif. 


.IMUrSALKM    ARTK'HOKKS    AS    COW-FEED. 

tX  t  IIMISTOI'lteU  allKAMKH,  Tl  t  KKMOU,  I'*. 

Biiif -r  lUMl  milk  urc  not  only  luxurl.-.,  but  In  many  famillo.  .Uty 
„..  l„di«,Humil.l.-  n.-c...««»rU-.  o(  life.     In  tl.U  »rtUlo  my  pr  ml.ml 
,.«r,KM..  I  lo  .I...W  how  u  cow  can  Im,  k«pt  with  ll»,  «"■.'.  -I  ^o.  - 
«„,y  of    lun.«  ana  labor.     I  conMl.lcr  tbi-.c  ll.«  ."Mfnilal  |H.lnt» 
m  the  dliK^UMlon.     Wb.-n«  bay  U  dear  and  ,H«t..n.  •«•»"•"•■ ;"»''" 
wb..  llvr.  by  tbe  l«lH.ro(  bU  band*,  .annot  oMlnarily  ulb.r.Mo 
,,urcba«.  tb/n..c.c«,ury  fo.Hl  for  a  cow ;  .nd  If  be  ha»  on  y  .m  m-ro 
or  two  of  land  at  bU  dU|Hml.  b«  flnd«  It  more  pro«lal,U,  lo  ra Uo 
other  produru.    Ordinarily  It  roquln-H  tho  ykld  of  «;-ral  a     « 
of  laoU  to  support  a  cow.    B..t  I  prop.H«  i>  show  that  thU  can 
IH,  done  on  Imtban  one  aero,  by  ralHln«  lb«  proper  '•r'»l'-.  "'|; 
iri-atlnir  th.<  noil  •"  tb«  U-»t  adruntaac.    Acow  of  ordinary  hI/.i  wl  I 
conaumo  ub..ut  eleven  tbonnand  poun.U  of  luy  or  it.  «'l»'vuK^nl,. 
Id  a  year.    The  eqnkalent  of  tbla  amom.l  of  h  .y  l^ln  |x.  atiKS, 
thirty  tbouaand  eight  hundred  poun.l-.  or  .Wo  bundr.     am     l^r 
teen  buabelH.  and  In  Indian  corn,  .even  tb.m.n-    -'v  '       '"  ^ 
nound«..r  on«  hundred  and  tbirty.«.ven  buH.eU.     > '«_-*''  l'"'" 
TuIJ  cannot  IH,  raUed  on  one  acre,  and  If  we  examine  the  ta  de. 
of  cqulvalenU  of  food,  we  rind  that  nwmt  of  thcKra.HeH.  /jralnH 
^d  ?^l-..  are  objectionable  on  account  of  nnproductivenesH.  want 
S "rfflclent  nutritive  qualltie..  or  of  the  labor  that  tUc  cultlvatloa 
of  tbeui  requires. 

VALUE    OF    AKTUnOKKS. 
There  in  however,  a  root,  or  tuber,  an  aero  of  which  aflfords 
eoi;; JnourU^lnt  \o  .u.tala  two  cowb,  with  lejj  ^boMhan  U 
employed  In  raisini?  an  acre  of   polaf^es-and  that  root   is  tbe 
jSem  Artichoke  ^lJeliant^u,  tubero,w,).    We  can  depend  upon 
an  ^^rago  yield  of  from  one  thousand  to  one  thouBand  two  lum- 
dedSelHof  these  tubers  fron»  an  acre  of  land  rich  enough  to 
prTduc"  fifty  buHbels  of  corn.    Pound  for  pound  they  are  eq  mi 
fn  nutritive  qualities  to  potatocB.    One  cow  can  therefore  be  sub- 
it^d  a  year  in  five  hundL  or  six  hundred  bushels  of  the  tube™ 
a  Quantity  that  can  bo  raised  on  half  an  acre  of  land.    But  Hinco 
:,r  roou  do  not  keep  over  sua.mer.  and  as  «.«  cow  wm  not 
thrive  on  them  alone,  it  is  necessary  to  supplement  them  with  dry 
odder  during  winter,  and  to  subsist  her  on  other  forage  durln? 
summer     With  the  ^Id  of  this  plant,  threcquarters  of  an  ac..  of 
llnd  under  hli;h  cnlUvation.  will  nourish  a  cow  during  tho  whole 


V 

til 
ai 
It 


o 
o 
ll 

t! 
n 
> 

I 

t 


1 


T 


KKKt'lMO   OWK  COW.  ^^ 

•,«r  »nd  Iti*^  loU  will  iKvoine  rlcli  without  any  olhrr  maimro  lh..i. 

1   with  »    n  or .  l.lM.r  Urn.,  h  i..v..lv..,l  lu  or.ll.ury  l..nu  -  ul  ur-. 

of  11.0  MM.ll.>  Hlali-S  a lllil.-  .urllor  ll.:m  l!.-  .lr»t  -f  M..y. 

.,fi    ll.y  f.-Un,  l...r  .FrruK..I.M»  AriUL-.U.-  uml  a  lUHo  Uuy  or 

,    ;..  yfo,l.l.r.l.rou«h.lrsvlnt.r  «..-l  ,urt  of  ^t'''^;  ""'  -  ! 

luT  Willi  «r.on  ry,  dov.'.  uu.l  Kr.ni.orti  f.Hl.l-r.  Hm"  n.l .  f 

/o  yci       Tlfrl.,nmmof  uu  u.-r.  will.  u-uWr  Ju.li.i.u.  .r.-ut- 

";.;•'  I  ...11  1..  not  la  «oo.l  ,.o,„ll.l..:.  to  l,..,ln  wU  .. .  Imt 
Ln.l.yof  b...l  ..my.  for.  y.arortwo.  In,  '7''  '''"V, f;'  '; 
Im.J,  una  It  will  Hum.  Ik,  ...c.nary  t..  H.ipply  Ih.'  a- 11.'  ...  y 
ir.?n  other  noun. »;   but  l.y  proprr  .«.u.u^......nl  H...  I.....I  wlU   ... 

llluZ...  nt  for  t:.«  cow.  wUUout  p.-turo  or  out-Ulc  M  dtUur  l« 
fooil  or  umnuru. 

Huppo.„tl.at  tt  umn  ow.».  «  «•'•«"' '"'^•''"'" , '''';•  ""I.''        " 
lar«.r    that  1..^  l.«.  i.re.M,u«rtrrH  of  an  a.- roof    '«;./ 'J    "    ■ 
third  of  It.  „..i«oly.<ne.(iu;.rtiTof  an  m,r.",  is  in  clovor.  that  ll.o 
•  aiule    l.r....lyf..r  tL  plow,  un.l  that  It  U  -rly.prln«-l...o 
nf    lu.  vtar  l.«  Hhoiia  Koto  work  ut  oi.co  an.l  ma.u.re  th.>  lun.l 
m.c    lly^^r      will  b.  W..II  rop«l.lfortl.«expc„«,.  lu  tho  Kup-dor 
MuSvoncHi  of  the  Holl.     All  tl.o  lan.l.  .x-.-pt  ng  the  .•l-mT. 
So       be  plowed,  aud  ....CHixlh  of  the  laud,  that  i-".-.. U? l.th  o 
an  m'rc  should  bo  sowed  with  outa,  with  about  ono-l.alf  buHhel  o 
leer    6  .e  quart  of  clover  seed,  and  one  pint  of  timothy  sml 
!  .  uld  be  Howii  on  the  oats.    The  oats  ar.  raised  o.dy  durluR  tl.o 
fl    tyn'     ycT  eJnVBuhstltuted  In  after  years,  and  the  tl.nothy  .s 
Sled    or  tie  purposoo^  Increasing  the  haycrop  ta  the  «.«.,nd 
v.ar     One  thiil  of  the  lan.l  (one-quartcr  ot  an  acre)  nho  dd  bo 
,  "ted  in  Jerusalem  Artichokes.  c«rly  lu  tl.o  season     Th.s  .cm. 
£,S  be  planted  Inhllls.  three  leet  apart  -'l  ^^^^  ^  ^'^^f 
Hit  bf.th  ways.    As  the  land  Increases  In  ferllllty  in  future  yiars, 

depth  of  two  or  three  Inches  with  earth. 


I 


rf- 


1^1 


I 


ii 


KEEPIN(»   OWE  COW. 


As  soon  08  tho  ccasoa  Is  fnr  enough  advanced,  onr-slxth  of  the 
ph)t  (oDO-cighth  of  111:  acre)  nhoiild  he  planted  In  nwcct  cori.  Ono 
half  of  the  eorn  sl.duia  ho  net  out  very  early,  and  the  rest  nl)out 
four  weeks  later,  so  an  to  extend  lis  Rrowth,  and  eonserimntly  its 
availability  as  green  fcdder,  over  a  longer  jteriod.  Tlie  furrows 
B'.iould  1)0  three  feet  apart,  and  the  com  planted  in  drilla,  [sixteen 
to  twenty  kernels  to  the  foot— Ed.]  Aftcrwanls  the  com  should 
1)0  cultivated  two  or  three  timea,  and  kept  clear  of  weeds.  When 
the  corn  fodder  is  all  disposed  of,  the  corn  patch  should  be  plowed, 
and  seeded  with  about  a  peck  of  rye,  and  a  pint  of  timothy  seed, 
and  in  the  following  spring  a  quart  of  clover  seed  should  be  sown 
upon  the  rye.  These  crops  will  give  the  land  a  complete  rotation 
eveiy  si.x  years.  The  following  diagram  indicates  the  proper  suc- 
cession of  the  crops  and  shows  the  plot  of  land  divided  into  six 
equal  parts,  containing  one-eighth  of  an  acre  each  : 

_W^or.J  »»d[^r«orJ3f^l^lVwr.J_4rt  (Uh  Year.  ^ 

I      Com.  Ilyi'.  C'lcivcr. 

ArtichokuH.' 


Clovor. 


|Arl]cliokc». 


GaU. 


Clover. 


IJorn. 


Ryo. 


.  Artlchokca. 


Clovor. 


I 


Artlchokca. 


Com. 


ArtlcliokcR. 


Kyc. 


Clovor. 


Com. 


I 


Rye. 


Ryi'. 

i:orii. 


Articliokca. 


Clover. 


Rye. 


Corn. 


Artlchokca, 


Clovor. 


Clover  occupies  two  parts,  rye  one  part,  and  Jerusalem  Arti- 
chokes two  parts  every  year.  Clover  follows  rye;  rye  follows 
corn;  com  follows  articliokes;  and  artichokes  follow  clover. 
Every  year  one-half  of  the  clover,  namely,  the  two  year-old  clover 
patch,  is  plowed,  and  planted  in  artichokes.  The  latter  must  be 
planted  anew,  and  not  be  allowed  to  grow  as  n  "  volunteer  crop," 
but  must  be  regularly  cultivated,  and  all  the  plants  that  come  up 
between  the  hills  destroyed. 

The  manure  derived  from  the  cow  during  the  winter,  should  be 
spread  In  »pring  on  the  land  intended  for  corn  and  artichokes,  and 
plowed  down,  and  that  made  In  summer  should  l)c  applied  to  the 
rye  and  clover  patches  in  fall.  Ashes  and  a  moderate  quantity 
of  lime,  spread  on  the  clover  patch  early  in  spring,  will  be  bene- 
ficial, and  a  peck  of  gypsum  scattered  on  the  young  and  growing 
clover,  will  answer  an  excellen.  purpose  as  a  healthy  stimulant  of 
ita  growth. 

The  spring  time  of  the  first  year  must  be  tided  over  with  hay 
until  the  clover  is  large  enough  for  soiling.    Green  clover  Is  then 


i' 


^.j^..^^  imuafnL%Tmi1frs^-'-' 


I 


I 

I 


•sixth  of  the 
t  com.  Ono 
10  rest  al)out 
iHC'(|iu'ntly  its 
Tiio  furrows 
rilln,  [sixteen 
com  Bhouid 
ecds.  AVhen 
Id  Ijc  plowed, 
limotliy  seed, 
Quld  be  sown 
[)lctc  rotation 
c  proper  8UC- 
idcd  into  six 

I  (ith  Year.^ 
driver. 


rusalcm  Art!- 
;  rye  follows 
dIIow  clover, 
ear-old  clover 
ittcr  must  be 
untccr  crop," 
that  come  up 

ter,  should  be 
•tichokes,  and 
ipplied  to  the 
;rate  quantity 
will  be  hene- 
;  and  growing 
^  stimulant  of 

•verwith  hay 
:lovcr  is  then 


\ 


i-M.iiiii.'.im;wi^'j;',^g 


;    1 

t    1 


■  f*.^?t^'»«'^ii«I**4?t*»««*'"«*'''  ■ 


L. 


I 


•  Vf  lit  in  ii'.»"*afeiitBi':;^;|;^8^' 


-^ 


i,nri-  .  ''ii'<«i«iiiiwiti'i>!uia.'jiaAiu|i.|,'.''y 


KEEPING  ONE  COW. 


60 


fed  to  the  oow  nntil  the  onts  nre  Biifflciently  advnncod.    The  onta 
arc  then  used  us  long  ns  they  are  fit  for  the  purpose,  eultlng  them 
a  second  time  as  far  as  practicahlc,  and  the  resulue,  if  any,  is 
cured  for  hay  before  it  gets  too  ripe  for  tliat  purpose.     Tlio 
same  course  is  pursued  with  the  ryn  in  the  following  years.    Tlie 
clover  should  be  cut  for  hay  rather  early,  in  order  to  get  it  m 
the  best  possible  condition,  and  to  insure  a  good  second,  and  per- 
haps a  tliird  crop.    All  the  aftermath  not  used  in  soiling,  should 
be  converted  into  hay.    When  the  oats  are  exhausted,  clover  is  fed 
until  the  com  fodder  is  large  enough  for  use.    This  is  fed  until  the 
ears  make  their  appearance,  and  what  is  then  left  is  cut  and  cured 
for  dry  fodder  during  winter.    After  the  green  com  fodder  is  all 
consumed,  there  will  be  a  growth  of  new  clover  in  the  oats 
stubble  the  first  y  ir,  and  in  the  rye  stubble  in  after  years,  with 
which  the  cow  is  soiletl  until  the  artichokes  are  ready  to  feed,  and 
If  any  of  the  new  clover  is  left  by  that  time,  it  is  made  into  hay. 
The  artichokes  are  fed  raw ;  in  winter,  with  hay  and  other  dry 
fodder,  and  as  long  as  they  Inst  in  spring. 

In  the  second  year  soiling  begins  with  rye.  and  continues  a:ter. 
wards  through  the  season  the  same  as  the  first  year,  and  alike 
course  is  followed  In  succeeding  years. 

FEEDING    ARTICHOKES. 

The  artichokes  will  grow  until  fiwt  kills  the  stalks   and  a 
patch  of  one-quarter  of  an  acre,  when  the  soil  is  m  good  condl- 
tlon  will  yield  a  yearly  average  of  between  two  hundred  and  fifty 
and  three  hundred  bushels  of  t'xra.    They  can  be  fed  before 
thev  are  quite  ripe,  in  which  case  the  cow  will  eat  up  the  whole 
plant-root,  stalk,  and  branch.    She  must  not  have  access  to  a 
heap  of  the  tubers,  lest  she  surfeit  and  seriously  Injure  herself. 
As  long  as  the  whole  plant  is  fed,  she  should  not  be  allowed  more 
at  a  time  than  she  will  cat  up  clean,  for  If  she  gets  more  she  will 
eat  the  tubers,  and  refuse  the  stalks.    In  fact  she  wdl  prefer  these 
tubers  at  all  times  to  any  other  food.    She  should  therefore  receive 
a  certain  allowance,  say  a  peck  or  n  little  more,  three  times  a  day 
so  that  she  will  cat  up  the  stalks,  and  also  a  small  portion  of  other 
forage  with  them.    In  winter  and  spring  she  will  consume  a 
bnshel  or  more  of  the  raw  tubers  a  day,  together  ^f  eight  or  ten 
pounds  of  hay  or  other  dry  food.    Her  ration  of  artichokes  should 
never  be  so  large  that  she  wlU  reject  other  food. 

Artichokes  can  he  fed  lor  about  eight  months  of  the  year,  say 
from  the  first  of  October  to  the  first  of  June,  during  which  time 


i   ! 


!  :• 


{    ■ 


■■■ 


70 


KEEPINa  OHE  COW. 


tho  COW  will  consume  two  hundred  and  forty  buBhcIs,  or  more,  of 
tlicni.  These,  with  the  hay  and  other  dry  fodder,  will  k<ep  her 
in  excellent  condition,  and  produce  an  abundance  of  good  milk 
without  additional  food.  One  ton  of  liay  or  other  dry  fodder,  in 
connection  with  tho  artichokcH,  will  last  during  the  said  eight 
months,  affording  tho  cow  eight  or  nine  pounds  ii  day.  Tliree- 
quarters  of  a  ton  may  suffice,  but  she  should  not  have  less  than 
tliis.  If  the  crop  of  hay  and  other  dry  fodder  excecda  a  ton,  it 
nuiy  all  be  fed  during  the  first  year,  or  a  part  of  it  may  be  kept 
over  for  the  ensuing  year.  In  slowiiii?  away  the  hay,  ten  or 
twelve  quarts  of  f-ult  should  ho  scattered  through  a  ton  of  it,  to 
impart  a  relish.  In  addition  to  this,  tho  cow  should  receive  two 
or  three  ounces  of  salt  daily,  and  plenty  of  pure  fresh  wat«r. 

HARVESTING    ARTICU0KE8. 

The  artichokes  should  remain  In  tlie  ground  in  autumn  as  long 
as  tho  weather  permits,  and  be  fed  out  of  the  field  during  that 
time,  and  just  before  the  earth  Is  permanently  frost-bound,  enough 
of  themsliould  be  dug  up  to  last  overwinter;  and,  since  frost 
does  not  injure  them,  the  rest  should  be  left  in  the  ground  until 
the  following  spring.  A  good  way  to  keep  them  in  winter,  is  to 
place  them  on  tho  ground  in  tho  field  In  shallow  layers,  covering 
them  lightly  with  the  stalks  of  the  artichoke,  or  with  straw,  and 
then  with  a  little  earth.  If  the  rain  wets  them  it  will  not  injure 
them.  It  is  advisable  always  to  keep  a  considerable  quantity  of 
them  in  the  stable  or  cellar  for  convenience  of  feeding.  In  tho 
ensuing  spring,  they  are  again  fed  out  of  tho  flekl  until  it  is  time 
to  plow  the  land,  when  cU  the  tubers  not  yet  disposed  of,  arc 
taken  up  and  kept  in  the  cellar  or  stable. 

THE  STALKS 
of  the  Jerusalem  Artichoke  fnmish  excellent  material  for  litter 
for  the  cow.  They  grow  to  a  bight  of  from  eight  to  ten  feet,  are 
composed  almost  entirely  of  pith,  and  are  so  fragile  that  they  can 
easily  be  broken  into  fragments.  As  many  of  them  should  be 
stowed  in  the  stable  as  it  will  contain,  and  the  rest,  if  any,  sliould 
be  stacked  outside.  Before  bedding  tho  cow  with  them,  it  is 
advisable  to  crush  them  with  a  mallet  on  a  block  prepared  for  the 
purpose.  This  labor  will  require  but  a  few  minutes  daily  to  pro- 
Tide  sufBcient  litter,  and  will  make  a  comfortable  bed  for  the  cow, 
absorbing  and  retaining  tho  liquid  manure.  The  stalks  cannot  be 
used  for  fodder  after  being  frost-killed. 
If  the  food  of  the  cow  should  at  any  time  run  short  the  de- 


...  ..■-^-■i-.-..--4j»--.^,  v.iv..<trT,ift-.-.i,1i,<i,,irMi 


hHIM4tlil|l|^W,iljg" 


or  more,  of 
ill  keep  her 
'  good  milk 
:y  foihler,  in 
D  suid  ciglit 
lay.  Tlirt'C- 
vo  li'SB  tilun 
cils  a  ton,  it 
nay  be  kept 
hiiy,  ton  or 
ton  of  it,  to 
receive  two 
1  water. 


umn  as  long 
during  tliat 
und,  cnougli 
,  since  front 
n^und  until 
winter,  is  to 
crs,  covering 
X  straw,  and 
11  not  injure 
quantity  of 
ing.  In  the 
itil  it  is  time 
tosed  of,  arc 


ial  for  litter 
ten  feet,  are 
that  they  can 
n  should  be 
:  any,  should 
them,  it  is 
pared  for  the 
daily  to  pro- 
i  for  the  cow, 
Iks  cannot  be 

short  thede- 


T 


KEEl'INO   ONE   tOW. 


« 


flcicncy  must  be  supplied,  for  it  will  not  do  to  stint  her,  and  if  it 
is  ever  found  necuBuury  to  change  or  modify  lur  diet,  it  should 
be  done. 

I  have  idlowed  three-quarters  of  an  acre  for  the  sustenance  of 
the  cow,  and  this  will  bo  sufficient,  but  only  on  condition  that 
the  land  is  in  good  heart.  If  the  land  is  poor  at  the  start,  it  will 
bo  safer  to  begin  with  more,  and  afterwanls  to  reduce  the  (luantily 
to  three-qiiarterH  of  an  acre,  m  the  soil  increases  in  fcrtilily.  The 
vclue  of  clover  as  u  renovator  of  tlie  soil  is  well  known,  but  t'ne 
Jerusalem  Artichoke  is  equally  efllcaclous,  if  fed  on  the  farm,  for 
it  attracts  its  nitrogen  to  a  great  extent  from  the  atmosphere.  The 
dairy-farm  now  under  discussion  possesses  all  the  advantages  that 
can  be  derived  from  tlieso  plants  as  fertilizers,  and  as  the  other 
crops  raised  on  it  do  not  injuriously  exhaust  the  soil,  being  cut 
before  they  produce  their  seed,  the  land  will  improve  indefinitely 
in  fertility. 

THE    CALF   AND    THE    CARE    OP    IT. 

Since  the  plants  here  recommended  for  the  nourishment  of  (he 
cow,  afford  the  best  milk-producing  food  the  whole  year  round, 
the  time  of  calving  may  bo  left  to  the  option  of  the  owner,  for  it 
will  not  affect  the  quantity  of  milk  that  the  cow  gives.  If  the 
milk  is  mostly  needed  in  summer,  the  cow  should  calve  in  spring, 
and  if  it  be  desirable  to  have  more  milk  in  winter,  she  should  calve 
in  autumn.  I  might  add,  that  if  the  butter,  or  a  part  of  it,  is  to 
be  sold,  it  will  bo  more  profitable  to  have  the  calf  in  fail  than  in 
any  other  season,  because  butter  brings  the  highest  prices  in 
winter. 

The  disposal  of  the  calf  depends  on  circumstances,  of  which 
the  owner  is  the  best  judge.  If  ho  concludes  to  keep  it  on  account 
of  the  value  of  the  breed,  or  for  any  other  reason,  he  should  raise  it 
by  hand,  not  allowing  it  to  suck  more  than  three  days  at  furthest. 
For  the  first  few  days  it  should  receive  only  the  fresh  milk  of  the 
cow ;  afterwards  it  may  be  fed  on  warm  fresh  milk,  skim-milk, 
buttermilk,  whey,  and  hay-tea,  until  it  is  old  enough  to  subsist  on 
solid  food.  Fresh  milk  should  be  the  leading  diet  in  the  begin- 
ning, and  should  be  gradually  diminished  in  quantity  as  the  calf 
increases  in  strength.  Hay-tea  is  made  by  pouring  boiling  water 
on  hay,  and  letting  it  steep  for  about  two  hours.  If  the  calf  is 
not  to  be  raised,  it  ought  to  be  sold  before  it  is  a  week  old,  be- 
cause  the  milk  that  it  drinks  before  it  is  ready  for  the  shambles, 
is  worth  more  than  the  price  it  will  bring.    If  a  purchaser  for  the 


vS  ' 


I  n'  iiin-iDiiftamjiww.nii*'-'""" 


:* 


\ 


.Ik 


n 


KEKPINO   ONE  COW. 


cnlf  cnnnot  Im  found  wliilc  It  Is  so  young,  it  Is  most  profitable  to 
kill  It,  uuil  ttury  it  in  Ibc  tomposl lu'up,  iis  noon  uh  ilu-  nillli  of  llio 
low  is  (it  to  UHf.  I  simply  ttlate  lliis  us  «  fact,  wllliout  rccom- 
mcntllng  it  to  ho  done,  for  It  Is  cruel  work ;  but  so  is  any  liut(  liir- 
ing,  unci  if  tlu-  c-nlf  Is  to  bo  killwl,  it  really  matti-rs  not  how  soon 
It  is  done.  The  Booncr  it  is  removed  from  the  cow  the  less  blie  will 
grievo  for  it*  loss. 

CALVING. 

The  cow  should  be  milked  as  long  as  her  milk  is  good,  or  until 
»!'.  runs  dry,  which  muy  In  some  cases  be  six  or  eight  weeks  of 
ctil'  l.g  (in  others  not  at  all.)  Her  rations  should  be  curtailed  a 
little  for  a  short  tim>-  before  that  period,  in  order  to  carry  her 
safely  through  the  crisis.  After  she  has  the  calf,  kIic  may  rcccivo 
warm  brun-mashcs  for  a  day  or  two,  containing  ii  little  <.f  her  own 
milk,  and  sliould  not  be  fully  fed  for  the  llrst  few  days.  This 
treatment  Is  all  that  is  required  before  and  after  the  period  of 
calving.  The  cow  will  generally  pass  through  tlds  event  in  safety, 
without  aspistanec.  Should  there,  however,  bo  a  false  presenta- 
tion, or  other  difficulty  of  parturition,  the  best  thing  tlie  owner 
can  do,  If  he  has  no  experience  in  the  matter,  is  to  call  to  his  aid 
a  veterinary  surgeon,  or  a  neighbor  who  knows  what  course  to 
pursue  in  such  cases. 

As  long  ns  tlie  cow  is  fresh,  and  yields  a  largo  flow  of  milk,  sho 
should  bo  milked  three  times  a  day,  early  in  the  morning,  at  noon, 
and  late  in  the  evening;  afterwards  two  milklngs  daily,  will  bo 
sufficient.  She  should  bo  fed,  watered,  mllkrd,  carde^l,  and  kd 
out  of  and  into  the  stable,  at  the  banic  hours  every  dny.  She 
should  not  be  beaten,  or  pelted,  cr  harshly  spoken  to  or  dealt  willi 
In  any  manner.  Kind  and  considerate  trcatn.cnl  inspires  her  with 
confldence  and  contentment,  makes  her  the  pet  and  delight  of  the 
household,  and  is  rewarded  by  an  abundance  of  wholesome  milk. 
But  there  are  many  matters  of  detail  In  keeping  a  cow,  which  it  is 
hnpossiblo  to  notice  in  a  limited  essay  like  tills.  If  tho  owner  de- 
sires to  be  fully  informed  on  tho  subject,  he  will  do  well  to  pur- 
chase a  few  books  that  treat  upon  the  subject. 

Tho  stable  for  the  cow  should  be  worm,  dry,  well  ventilated, 
and  large  enough  to  contain  two  or  three  tons  of  hay  and  litter, 
together  with  other  material  to  be  described  lur-aftcr,  besides  a 
stall  for  the  cow.  and  room  for  the  calf.  If  tho  ;.  ^  ner  of  the  cow 
has  !i  stable  that  fulfils  these  requirements,  it  wdl  answer  hiti  pur- 
pose if  he  makes  a  proper  stall  in  it.    If  iie  has  no  stable,  and  can- 


ii. 


Mi 


irofl table  to 
iiiilU  or  the 
out  rccom- 
ny  liiit(  hiT- 
t  liDW  soon 
lest)  bill.' will 


loil,  or  until 
;litw('rl{8  of 
!  tuiliiiU'd  a 
to  carry  her 
may  reccivo 
lof  licr  own 
tlnyw.    Tills 

10  iicrlod  of 
nt  in  sufcty, 
8C  jirrscntn- 
r  tlie  owner 
til  to  his  iiid 
it  course  to 

of  milk,  she 
in/j;,  at  noon, 
nily,  will  bo 
le^l,  anil  kd 
ry  day.  She 
jt  dealt  Willi 
ires  her  with 
clightof  the 
csomc  milk. 
V,  which  it  is 
ho  owner  de- 
well  to  pur- 

11  Tcntihted, 
ly  and  litter, 
tcr,  besides  a 
iT  of  the  cow 
Hwcr  hit!  pur- 
able,  and  can- 


KEKPINO  ONE  COW.  W 

not  afford  the  pxpensc  of  building  a  £;ood  one,  he  must  at  least 
have  II  proper  stall  to  Hiive  the  nmnnrc  of  the  cow,  and  to  shelter 
her  from  flic  Inclemency  of  the  weather.  A  stable  that  will  fully 
answer  this  purpose,  should  be  at  least  fourteen  feet  square,  and 
about  twelve  f«'el  hijrii  to  the  eaves,  and  should  have  n  loft  for 
ntoriuf,'  hay.  The  annexed  flgures  represent  such  a  structure  lu 
outline  : 

Figure  17  is  a  groun  i  plan,  and  shows  that  the  lower  story  is  di- 
vided into  two  part*!,  S,  representing  the  stall,  and  It,  all  tho 
remaining  portion  below.  The  stall  is  ten  feet  long,  and  should 
be  five,  or  nearly  live  feet  wide ;  .V,  represents  tho  manger,  which 
is  aboiit  two  feel  deep,  eighteen  inches  wide,  and  in  length  equal 


Fig.  17. 


Fig.  1& 


to  the  width  of  the  stall.  The  cow  is  tied  to  tho  manger  with  a 
halter  or  chain ;  7',  is  c  trough  in  the  manger  for  feeding  roots, 
salt,  etc.,  and  is  about  one  foot  wide,  eight  incites  deep,  and  in 
length  equal  to  the  width  of  the  manger.  Tho  floor  of  the  stall 
slto'uld  slope  a  little  to  tho  rear,  and  must  bo  water-tight,  so  as  to 
conduct  the  urine  of  tho  cow  into  the  brine-pit,  R  The  floor  may 
bo  composed  of  cement,  or  of  two-inch  plank  closely  fltted  together. 
Tho  brinc-pit,  D,  consists  of  a  water-tight  box  made  of  plank,  and 
should  be  about  one  foot  wide,  six  incites  deep,  and  in  length  equal 
to  the  width  of  the  stall.  This  pit  is  sunk  into  the  ground  so  that 
its  top  is  on  a  level  with  the  floor,  in  order  that  it  may  receive  all 
the  liquid  discharges  of  the  cow  that  are  not  absorbed  by  the  litter. 
If  the  floor  is  laid  in  cement  tho  pit  may  be  made  of  the  same 
material.  The  object  of  the  brine-pit  is  to  save  the  liquid  manure ; 
to  accomplish  which  the  latter  must  be  retained  by  some  absorbent. 


S 

») 


tl 


KEEPINO  ONE  COW. 


'    * 


(    i 


il 


Dry  earth  Is  utcd  for  this  purpow.  At  flnit  the  bottom  of  tho  i, 
i»  fovcrcd  with  dry  ourtli.  ami  m  wnm  iw  tlil"  l-*  niolst,  more  lurlh 
Is  aiUloil  until  the  pit  1«  full  of  the  fmturuli'd  Hulmtunee,  when  the 
latter  Is  thrown  upon  the  oonipoHt  hcup,  and  tli<  name  priH-eHS 
repeated  A  door  U  placed  ut  >;  for  adn>lltln>f  the  cow,  and  earry- 
inK  away  the  manure.  The  partition  between  .s'  and  li  may  bo 
made  of  IwardH  or  rails,  and  need  not  be  over  four  feet  hl!,'h. 

The  division,  It,  Is  used  for  kccpinj?  Utter,  dry  earth,  artUhoko 
roots,  Rrcon  fodder,  and  the  calf.  It  should  have  a  door  at  nomo 
convenient  place  for  entrance  from  the  outside,  and  a  whitlow  with 
a  Klttss-framc,  preferably  on  the  south  side,  it  is  in  comnmnlca- 
tlon  with  tho  stall  by  means  of  a  gate  at  rf. 

Figure  18  Is  a  view  of  the  gable-end,  /-,  representing  the  loft  for 
storing  hay  and  other  dry  fodder.  Tho  loft  has  a  shutter  In  one 
of  the  gablc-cnds  or  sides,  and  a  ladder  or  steps  running  uj.  to  U 
from  within,  for  convenience  of  feeding.  /',  Is  a  post  hi  tho  corner 
of  the  manger.    The  other  letters  In  figure  18  Indicate  tho  same 

parts  as  In  figure  17.  ..  ,  ,  , . 

The  cow-yard  will  be  large  enough  If  It  contains  an  area  of  two 
BQUcre  rods;  but  It  can  be  made  smnowhat  larger  with  advantage. 
It  ought  to  atUoln  the  stable  so  as  to  give  the  cow  direct  access  to 
the  stall  •  and  ought  to  be  shaded  by  trees  In  order  to  afford  shelter 
to  the  cow  from  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun  In  summer.  Tho  cow 
should  bo  kept  In  tho  yard  only  a  part  of  tho  day,  and  tho  rest  of 
the  time  she  should  be  In  tho  stall.  Tho  stall-dor ,  should  »)c  left 
open  when  she  is  in  the  yard,  so  that  she  can  ent«r  tho  stable  at 
will  Some  manure  will  be  lost  by  suffering  lier  to  run  In  tho 
yard;  but  tho  benefit  that  she  will  derive  from  it,  in  health  und 
contentment,  will  more  than  compensate  for  tho  loss. 

MAKI^n     AND    SAVING    MANURE. 

The  compost  heap  may  bo  kept  In  the  cow-yard,  and  must  bo  In 
the  shade.  It  should,  therefore,  bo  placed  on  tho  north  side  of  the 
stable  and  trees  should  be  planted  east  and  west  of  It.  It  must  not 
be  under  cover  nor  washed  by  running  water,  nor  receive  tho 
wcter  from  the  roof  of  tho  stable ;  but  the  rain  should  fall  on  it 
directly  from  the  skies  to  promote  decomposition,  and  to  prevent 
tlie  escape  of  ite  volatile  constituents.  The  manure  of  tho  stall, 
and  the  saturated  earth  of  tho  brinc-plt,  are  mixed  together  to  form 
tho  compost  heap,  and  all  the  refuse  material  of  the  farm,  garden, 
and  yard,  should  be  thrown  on  it.  It  ought  to  be  kept  In  a  com- 
pact body,  level  on  top,  and  protected  by  boards  on  the  sides  to 


,.jija!i&WijJijiii»Mi5lmJ»ajaMitiBWWiiiwi'i»»«W!w 


KKEi'INU   UKK  iOVf. 


n 


torn  of  tlip  |. 
iitt,  more  I'urtli 
incc,  when  the 
HIIIUC  procj'ws 
•ow,  uiul  carry- 
und  It  muy  bo 

led  lll!,'ll. 

artli,  articlioko 
11  door  iit  Homo 
u  window  with 
in  cunununica- 

Ing  the  h)ft  for 
Hhultcr  in  ono 
inning;  up  to  it 
mt  in  tlio  corner 
licato  the  Buuio 

.  an  area  of  two 
irith  adviintaj^e. 
direct  access  to 
to  afford  slielter 
mer.  The  cow 
and  the  rest  of 
should  )>o  left 
;r  the  tttabio  at 
'  to  run  in  the 
,  in  health  und 

)S8. 

IE. 

,  and  must  be  In 
north  aide  of  the 
f  it.  It  must  not 
nor  receive  the 
hould  fall  on  it 
,  and  to  prevent 
lure  of  the  stall, 
I  together  to  form 
he  farm,  garden, 
e  kept  in  a  corn- 
on  tlie  sides  to 


prevent  It   from  Nprradlng.    No  nHlicH  or  lime  ihould  ever  hn 
upplic'd  to  it. 

licgnrdin);;  the  niatcriiil  for  uliNorbin);  tlic  li(|uid  cxcn-tiunri  of  the 
cow,  notlilng  better  run  be  foutid  tlian  pri'pnr<<d  inurlt;  but  as  (hit 
la  Hcldoni  obtainulile,  tlic  m  raping^  of  tlic  Htri'cts  of  it  city,  or  even 
cf  u  puhiic  rimd,  muy  be  usuil  liiHtcad.  If  tlienc  cuiuiot  be  had, 
the  surfiiru  soil  of  the  «lalry  fnrm  imswcr  the  purpose.  Wliul- 
ever  Bul)!*tunce  U  employed  niUHt  l)e  tlioroui;hly  dried.  Tlic  middle 
of  Bumnur  is  the  proper  time  to  prepare  it.  About  four  cart  IoiuIh 
of  it,  08  dry  mh  they  can  be  muile,  Hbould  be  kept  In  tlie  stubie,  or 
in  Home  other  place  where  it  is  not  liable  to  attract  moisture;  and 
that  amount  will  last  the  year  round, 

CONCLUSIONS    ABOUT    AHTICIIOKKS. 

I  have  now  given  my  instructionH  fur  keeping  a  cow,  and  it  Is 
evident  from  what  I  have  written,  that  the  Jerusaletn  Artichoke  is 
my  main  dependence  for  her  support.  The  other  points  that  I 
have  touched  upon,  are  of  minor  importance,  when  compared 
with  the  value  that  I  have  attached  to  this  plant.  My  own  ex- 
perience with  the  plant  satisfies  me  that  I  have  not  overstated  itu 
merits.  On  rich  land  a  single  stalk  will  produce  from  a  peck  to 
half  a  bushel  of  the  tubers.  Last  year  was  an  exceptionably  un- 
favorable ono  in  this  locality,  on  account  of  droutli  in  summer 
and  fall ;  and  yet  the  artichokes  that  I  planted  between  the  trees 
in  my  peach  orchard  yielded  abundantly.  I  have  fattened  cattio 
on  them  without  any  additional  food  excepting  a  little  hay,  until 
they  were  fit  for  the  butcher ;  and  my  horses  thrive  on  them  when 
fed  in  connection  with  hay,  doing  full  work  without  grain.  A 
brother  of  mine  planted  artichokes  in  a  Hold  that  had  l)cen  in 
cultivation  for  more  than  a  century,  and  yet  In  spite  of  the  drouth, 
of  indifferent  culture  without  manure,  und  of  an  early  frost  that 
prematurely  killed  tho  plants,  the  yield  amounted  to  between  fivo 
hundred  and  six  hundred  bushels  to  tho  aero. 

BUBAL    ECONOMY. 

BouBsingault  in  his  "Rural  Economy,"  pp.  150-160  says :  "  The 
Jerusalem  Artichoke  rises  to  a  hightof  from  nine  to  ten  feet; 
it  flowers  lato,  and  I  have  not  yet  seen  it  ripen  Its  seeds.  It  is 
propagated  by  tho  tubers  which  it  produces,  and  which  are  re- 
garded, for  good  reason,  a  most  excellent  food  for  cattle.  *  *  There 
arc  few  plants  more  hardy  and  so  little  nice  about  the  soil  as  the 
Jerusalem  A.rtiehoke ;  It  succeeds  everywhere  with  the  single  con- 
dition that  the  ground  be  not  wet  *  *  Of  all  the  plants  that  engage 


r 


k 


I 


f§  KEBPIKO   OKf  COW. 

I  'full    .r...l«'livo  vigor  at  th.  -.ul  of  "^"V'.rfn  ^ 

owl  UK  out  HI...V,  from  »i-v.n  ...ten  fnt  iu  U-nKtl..QUh<.uKhf«  a 

vorvl  "K  IK'H-  ll.e  plant  l.u.l  nHlluT  n-cived  any  care  or  »«y 

nmnu  V     1  .-.uUI  M-o.o  "uu.y  «un,pl."  "f  tUc  cn-ai  r..,.ro,ln.,tiv. 

ow"  of  the  ILllanUum .  I « u..  «mr.n.  nov.rtlu.U-M.  Ih.t  m ..r.Ur 

oil  lah  .mint  cro,«.  it  1.  ni..-.*.ry  to  atfon!  a  lit.l.  ..mnurc. 

•  .  S  wor'lmatcH  the  mean  nuantity  of  dry  kav.H  and  -l.n,. 

„t  U.r^o  U,m,  on.  -  wt..  one  quarfr  and  fifteen  .hmhuU  per  uer. 

AKaln,  p.  iol-"Ex,H-riment  with  l...n««.-J. rimlem  -otnloe. 
arc  hcUl  excellent  f.H.d  for  .Uo  hor.e ;  they  arc  «''f "  -"•'^;y;,;^„* 
he  thrlTe«  on  tUem.  In  Uii^  sccon.l  exi^-rlment^  .»»  poumUof 
TuJ^lem*  cut  into  rfleen  wen-  =«lH,lit«ted  for  eleven  po.ndHof 
t^,^^LoAUcomlc.\  e.,uivalent«  bein,  ^'"^V;''"-";.^ 
for  l.e  common  potato.  The  ration  now  con^i^ted  of  h«y.  eleven 
^unds-  straw,  flvo  and  a  huK  pounds;  oaU.  seven  and  a  half 
Sd:anT. Jerusalem  pot.tor.,  80,8  pot.nds.  HavinR  h.-n  «o- 
Ztom  d  to  lluH  regimen  for  some  d«, ..  the  teams  were  we.|?hcd, 
and  havlns  gone  on  for  eleven  days,  they  were  weighed  again : 

TMrnA'o  1.  A'o.S.  BjthTeamf.    Mean  per  hont. 

In  cloven  days,  gain  M  lo.s  iB  tfain  23  gola  .0 

»  A  result  which  loacU  to  iSao  conclusion  that  the  equivalent 

assumed  lor  the  Jerusulem  potato  was  correct;  the  animals  had 

Lo  their  work,  and  galncl  one  with  another  n.nc-tenths  of  a 

^XalIfT40fl"-"One  hundred  pounds  of  good  meadow-hay 
may  l)c  taken.  u«  ascertained  by  experiment,  to  bo  equivalent  to 

280  of  Potatoes,         by  nnalvils  equal  to  315 
280  of  Jorusalems,  ^^  „  ^ 

^SfS^Mtooiitu.). ::     ::    ^ 

400  of  Carrot  "  *" 

\iraln  p  415.—"  One  thousand  parts  (1>v  weight)  of  the  forage 
oathwcd  at  Bcchelbronn  in  Its  ordinary  stuic  contained : 

m,ierul8ubUancf.,.    A*>te.       Fho,.  Acid.     Ume.    Ikme  ^rth. 
Potatoes.  9.84  8  ^0  i  u"  ^  ^ 

Beet,  l^  fJH  86  .63  .73 

Jfrusulems,         *»•••  "■'"  u      i     i 

Arniin  n  440  — "  Seventh  experiment— with  a  cow  two  hundred 

anl^netydaysa'ter  calvlng.-In  this  trial  tl,e  ration  consisted 


^  li-J 


rirh  nfiM\ucc# 
lulior.     Ktwlc 
»i;iinli'ii  was 
y  llirco  yt-ani, 
ilthouxli  for  a 
y  core  i)r  imy 
I  fjinHlni'tivc 
,  ihf^t  in  ortlcr 
little  .iiiinurc. 
iv«'N  uml  HU-nn 
uU  p«T  mn." 
ulciu  puintoei 
1  ffr<'(  lily,  und 
M).8  poumU  of 
ren  poi.inlHof 
il  t(>r  thi'in  oM 
of  buy,  cloven 
0,1  and  a  halt 
ivinp;  ben  no- 
were  wcit;hcil, 
(bed  again  I 

MeiM  per  h<vm. 
gain  .0 

tbc  cqulTolcnt 
le  anlmalH  had 
linc-tCDtbs  of  a 

id  meadow-bay 
)c  oqntvalent  to 

316 
all 

U8 
382 

it)  «)f  tlic  forago 
\lncd : 

Bone  EaHh, 
.83 
.0.5 
.TO 
.00 

ow  two  hundred 
ration  conaistcd 


ime. 

,17 

.54 

M 

,2tt 


RRRPfNit  OMR  flow. 


ft 


of  Jrru^iU'tn  tM)JutoM  i  <|iilvnlc>nt  tn  thlrly  thnv  p«>tinil«  of  bay, 
iKKirr  wlmh  tin  iiulk  may  In-  muhI  l<>  liiiv>-  ri'muliinl  mIh  >nury, 
tb'itiith  It  w!iiialKiv<- nithrr  ihiin  nnilcr  the  *\\  pintH  |Hr  dteui,  m 
ill  the  i«ii(ib  ptpcriiiKOt,"  'with  Iiiih  |HitiiiiH>s) 

I  riinniilf  r,  thfrt  fori',  ihnt.iu  i  onlmx  iiMM|M'riin»'nt  and  iinulyM*, 
the  J'Tumil  in  ArtichnU"'  m  fully  ciiuiil  tu  tlif  pot.nio  ■•<  f'XHl  ftir 
eiock,  nnd  Krcully  nujierior  to  Ih'PIm,  tiirnl|>!«,  luid  carrot!*.  In  the 
rpirtiiicn  that  I  barn  prcwnhcd  for  the  cow,  I  IiutpkIv'  ii  tbo  Jrru 
iwlcm  Arli<'h<'k«i  tbo  imfrrtnco  ovrr  all  oiIht  root*,  Ik-chuho  I 
(ioi'm  It  »up(i|  >r  lo  tbcm  in  nil  le^jKH-tn.  It  ciiitiiiiis  inon-  milri- 
mt'nt  tbiui  nny  of  tlipm,  «X(C'ptlin{  tbe  p»iluto  ;  il  i4  Uhh  rxbuustivo 
of  tlio  soil,  and  mum  offlt (uioin  in  Improvlnsf  it ;  it  produces  a 
larKi^r  crop '.  H  ia  lexa  iiablo  to  failure  in  mlvorHU  weather ;  it  kccpa 
bottur  and  with  i>!M  rare ;  it  in  eaten  with  n  i;if  titer  i  lisb  by  sttjck ; 
and  It  reiiuirea  V^n  labor  In  cultivating,  liarvfHtlnjr,  unil  fcodini;  it 
Analysis  hii  Hhown  (lull  it  contalnH  its  carlMinat^cotm  |,>rin(  iplcs  in 
the  form  of  sugar  instiii  I  of  starch,  14.8  partH  of  uncrystalliziiblo 
■ugor  having  boon  found  in  ono  hundred  parla  of  tbo  tulicr,  It 
baa  DO  stirch  c.fWn  to  bo  broken  up  by  iMilling,  in  order  to  inukc  It 
a  digestlblo  aliment ;  and  b'lw  largo  soever  tbc  tulicni  may  lie,  they 
can  lie  fed  without  luii  '  i  ,  IntosliccR,  on  account  of  their  frntril- 
itj  and  brittlen'  >)<,  bcln  r  mustli  atcd  by  tho  cow  without  dlfllculty 
or  dan>ji  r  of  cli   king. 

The  Jcruaalem  Artichoke  is  little  known  and  cultiratod  In  tbia 
country,  and  its  merits  arc  not  fully  apprroiutcd  any  where.  Tho 
reason  probably  li  bciau(«e  then  is  but  u  llmiltHl  demand  for  It  in 
the  market.  But  it  should  not  be  neglected  on  that  ••  count ;  for 
it  la  not  the  Iohh  valuable,  liccausc  tbo  proflta  derireil  'roni  It  ara 
indirect.  It  should  never  be  raised  a.<4  a  volunteer  cr<  ,  a^  ir  too 
often  the  case,  but  should  be  regularly  planted  and  worked  liko 
other  products.  I  have  diHCUH.H>'d  this  plant  as  adrnntageous  food 
for  "one"  row,  and  I  may  add  that  it  is  equally  meritunous  for 
any  num*-  of  cowa.  But  its  advantages  do  not  stop  here. 
Horses,  c  de,  ^hecp,  and  swine,  thrive  and  fatten  on  it,  and  tho 
millions  of  acres  o  tliaustcd  and  dctirioratod  lands,  that  descend 
as  a  profitless  inheruanco  from  y^neration  to  genentlon  In  tho 
Eastern  and  Southern  States,  can  be  Improved  niid  kept  fertile, 
with  profit  to  the  farmer  during  the  process  of  reiK-vatlon,  with- 
out the  aid  of  artificial  fertilizers  or  imported  manun  m,  by  feeding 
the  tubers  of  the  Jerusalem  Arlichuko  to  stock  on  the  farm. 


I 


n 


KKKPIHO  ONK  COW, 


I 


VIEWS   AND    PRACTKK    OF    A    IMIACTK.'AL 
FAUMKH. 

■t  r.  «.  OOTT,   XPBNt'BHPOttT,   H.   T. 

nriTlnitbflen  a  practiral  farmer  all  in?  life,  with  coniUlerBblo 
extRTioncc  in  llio  care  of  niock  ami  ilairyinK,  I  Rivo  you  Iho  rc«ult 
of  inv  <'xpcrl«'n<t'  Tim  nyiitem  of  nianui((>iii<-nt  wliirii  would  lio 
prolltubly  adopUMl  by  ono  wo.iUl  bu  iitlerly  Impraclicnblo  for 
ftnoilier.  In  my  own  ca»o  I  bavii  oboul  oiio  wro  of  lanil,  ono 
half  of  which  I  w?t  aport  for  production  of  food  for  my  cow, 
wlillo  the  rcmaiadtr  itt  occupied  by  the  bulldlnRs  in  part,  and  tlio 
rent  u  devoted  to  tbo  culture  of  small  fruitii  Without  this  land 
I  should  be  obliged  to  hire  ray  cow  ptt»lurcd  tUrough  the  summer, 
at  a  cost  of  alwut  fifty  ccnU  per  week,  which  I  nm  now  obic  to 
MTe  by  practising  a  system  of  soUlng.  The  advantages  of  which 
are  numerous. 

PROFIT  IN  BUYING  PART  OP  TUB  FEED. 

1  am  aware  thai  tho  amount  of  land  which  I  hove  devoted  to 
this  purpose  is  Inadequate.  One  acre  would  be  none  too  mucli  to 
aupply  a  cow  with  food  through  the  year,  but  I  can  roalizo  more 
profit  by  purchasing  a  portion  of  the  necessary  food  and  devoting 
part  of  my  land  to  the  culture  of  small  fruits,  the  amount  of 
money  received  from  the  sales  of  which,  will  more  thon  pay  for 
the  feed  that  I  could  raise  on  the  same  land. 

My  barn  (figs.  10  and  20)  is  ineipensivo,  yet  it  answers  every 
purpose.  It  consists  of  a  l)ox-pen  for  the  cow,  an  op«!n  shed  and  a 
plg-gly,  the  whole  covered  by  one  roof,  and  occupying  a  space 
twenty  feet  In  lenjr th  by  fourteen  feet  in  breadth.  It  i»  constructed 
of  hemlock  lumber.  The  pofits  on  the  front  are  twelve  feet  in 
hight,  while  thoae  on  the  back  side  ore  eight.  It  is  boarded  ver- 
tically and  battened  on  the  sides,  and  the  roof  is  also  covered  with 
rough  boonls,  laid  on  double,  breaking  Joints  so  that  no  woter  can 
leak  throuifh.  The  box  for  the  cow  is  eight  feet  by  ten,  and  is  six 
feet  and  four  Inches  high  in  the  clear.  At^jolnlng  tlii  *  is  o  feeding 
passage  four  feet  by  eight.  The  arrangement  of  dooi  ^  is  shown  m 
the  accompanying  sketch.  The  middle  portion  of  the  building  is 
an  open  shed,  and  Is  sevan  teet  wide  by  fourteen  feet  long.  It  is 
used  principally  for  storing  dry  muck  and  -«l.so  as  a  cover  for  the 
manure  pile.  Adjoining  the  open  nhed  is  the  pig-pen.  While  the 
partition  between  the  cow-stall  and  shed  is  carried  up  to  the  floor 


JYTWXL 


condtlerablu 
ou  tho  rciult 
ich  would  lio 
lU'ticablo  for 
of  land,  ODO 
for  my  cow, 
part,  and  tbo 
)ut  this  land 
thcRumtncr, 
now  al)lo  to 
kgci  of  which 

ED. 

c  devoted  to 
3  too  much  to 
I  rcalizo  uioro 
and  devoting 
10  amount  of 
I  tban  pay  for 

nawcrs  every 
en  shed  and  & 
ftylng  a  space 
Id  constructed 
wclvo  feet  In 
boarded  ver- 
)  covered  with 
t  no  water  can 
ten,  and  is  8lx 
is  is  a  feeding 
a  in  sliown  in 
:be  building  is  ' 
!et  long.  It  is 
,  cover  for  tho 
n.  Wliile  tho 
up  to  tbo  floor 


I 


MBKI'INO   ONB  COW. 


m 


B.^^,  making  a  tight  lion  •«»»,  tliat  b«t'«)r«'ii  the  pigsty  mA  sheil 
It  onl'v  liullt  four  feet  from  the  ground,  lcnvb<g  ibfl  upinr  purl 
o|K)n. '  A  tloor  \»  laid  at  a  hl^cbt  of  M«  feet  t(  n  Inches  fr.im  tho 
ground,  which  pn.viiies  utorago  r<M.(n   for  hoy  aU)»«).     I  would 

^ 


NCAl 
BOX 


rrEoiNG 

PA    SvA'iC 
♦  -  I 


J. 


-TAU 

rOR  COW 

8 

'10 

Kig.  l'J.-M.A!«  or  row  siiKB,  leio. 


•uggcst,  as  an  improvement  to  this  plan,  that  the  whole  be  built 
two  feet  higher,  making  the  long  postt  fourteen  feet  instead  of 
tw.lvo.  and  tho  short  ones  ten  instead  of  eight,  thereby  securing 
more  room  above.    There  would  then  be  sufficient  room  for  tho 


Fig.  «0,— PtBBPKOTIVB  VIIW. 

Storage  ol  over  two  thousand  pounds  of  clover  bay.    Of  course  the 
provision  I  have  made  for  a  pig  Js  outside  of  the  question  under 
consideration,  bat  in  view  of  the  fact  that  wherever  a  cow  ia  kept 
»  pig  may  also  be  profitably  rawed  and  fattened  on  the  skim-mUk 


iX'cw.  1  w«;"»r -'-•■ 


m 


KEEPINU   ONE  COW. 


and  much  that  would  othcrwbc  bo  wnsled,  nnd  at  tlio  samo  time 
increase  greatly  tin;  vuluc  of  tlic  manure  lit'iip,  1  think  such  pro- 
vision should  be  made,  especially  as  the  cost  of  such  an  addition 
to  the  cow's  shed  is  but  little.  Ir.  case  it  is  not  desirable  to  keep 
a  pig,  the  space  may  bo  used  as  a  calf-pen  or  for  the  storage  of 
straw.  The  cost  of  the  building  which  1  have  described  should 
not  exceed  fifty  dollars. 

The  only  way  to  secure  a  good  cow,  is  to  keep  trying  until  wo 
get  such  a  cow  as  we  want  and  tbcu  hold  on  to  her.  We  may 
have  to  change  several  times  before  wc  can  bring  this  about,  but 
there  is  no  infallible  rule  for  selecting  a  good  cow.  Were  I  to 
select  one  for  myself,  I  should  select  one  not  over  five  yeora  old, 
of  gentle,  quiet  disposition,  with  a  large  barrel ;  one  whose  udder 
is  large  and  well  formed,  with  teats  set  well  apait,  of  good  size, 
and  projecting  slightly  outward  from  each  other,  and  with  large 
milk   ems. 

The  method  which  I  have  adopted  in  the  management  of  my 
cow,  has  this  m  Itt,  favor,  that  u  has  been  highly  and  uniformly 
profitable  to  me. 

MAKAGINQ    THE    MAKUBE    PILE, 

I  shall  first  present  my  mode  of  making  manure,  and  of  apply- 
ing the  same.  The  prevalent  idea  among  those  who  keep 
a  single  cow  or  other  domestic  animal  is,  that  the  manure, 
instead  of  being  saved  and  protected  from  loss  with  the  greatest 
care,  is  a  nuisance,  which  should  be  summarily  disposed  of.  It  is 
an  established  fact  that  the  liquid  portion  of  the  excrement  nearly, 
if  not  quite,  equals  in  value  the  solid  portion,  and  in  order  to  save 
both  we  must  provide  some  means  by  which  the  liquid  and  volatUe 
portions  of  the  manure  may  be  prevented  from  going  to  waste. 
This  is  best  accomplished  by  means  of  absorbents,  and  there  is 
nothing  better  or  cheaper  for  this  purpose  than  dried  muck  or 
earth,  a  good  supply  of  which  should  be  constantly  kept  under 
cover  where  it  is  easily  accessible.  Fortunately  I  am  so  situated 
that  I  can  obtain  a  supply  quite  easily.  There  is  within  half  a 
mile  from  my  place  a  large  tract  of  swamp  land,  from  which  I  can 
obtain,  for  a  low  pnce,  all  the  "  muck  "  I  need.  Every  fall,  I  store 
away  imder  my  shed  a  suflBcient  quantity  to  last  me  through  the 
winter.  This  had  previously  been  thrown  into  pdes  and  dried.  It 
is  quite  essential  that  it  should  be  thoroughly  dried,  so  that  it  will 
readily  absorb  the  liquid  manure,  and  this  may  be  accomplished 
by  piling  and  allowmg  it  to  be  exposed  to  sua  and  air  for  six 


I 


I 


KEEPINO   ONE  COW. 


81 


ha  samo  time 
liink  such  pro- 
.'h  an  addition 
Irablc  to  keep 
the  storage  of 
icribcd  shoulcl 

ryiiig  until  wo 
ler.  Wc  may 
;bia  alxmt,  but 
w.  Were  I  to 
five  years  old, 
c  whose  udder 
,  of  good  size, 
lud  with  large 

ijfcment  of  my 
and  uniformly 


,  and  of  apply- 
)3c  who  keep 
t  the  manure, 
th  the  greatest 
posed  of.  It  itt 
;remcnt  nearly, 
n  order  to  save 
lid  and  yolatde 
oing  t,o  waste. 
ts,  and  there  is 
dried  muck  or 
tly  kept  under 
am  80  situated 
within  half  a 
om  which  I  can 
rery  fall,  I  store 
ic  through  the 
s  and  dried.  It 
,  so  that  It  will 
b  accomplished 
^ad  air  for  six 


months  or  a  year  before  wanted  for  use.  Tlio  bottom  of  the  stall 
Is  covered  witli  ten  or  twelve  incl-es  of  the  dry  muck,  over  which 
I  scatter  a  light  covering  of  cut  straw  or  sawdust,  bo  as  to  secur*!  ii 
clean  bed,  and  prevent  the  porticles  of  dirt  and  muck  from  sticking 
to  the  cow  and  dropping  from  thence  into  the  pail.  The  dry  earth 
readily  absorbs  the  liquid  droppings  and  whenever  it  becomes  satur- 
ated with  the  same,  may  be  removed,  together  with  the  manure  and 
soiled  straw,  to  u  pile  beneath  the  covered  shed,  wlien  a  fresh  supply 
of  dry  muck,  enough  to  replace  that  which  was  removed  is  carried 
in  and  the  whole  is  again  covered  with  the  cut  straw.  An  occa- 
sional sprinkling  of  plaster  (gypsum)  is  applied  both  to  the  litter 
in  the  stall  and  to  the  manure  heap,  which  prevents  any  loss  of 
ammonia,  and  hence  all  unpleasant  odors  are  avoided.  Whenever 
a  forkful  of  manure  is  put  on  the  pile,  it  is  immediately  covered 
with  muck.  Twice  each  year  this  is  hauled  on  to  the  land. 
Manure  thus  treated  will  not  waste,  either  by  the  leaching  out 
of  soluble  matter,  by  the  escape  of  ammonia,  or  by  flre-fanging. 
And  as  there  is  no  coarse  material,  such  as  long  straw  or  corn 
stalks  mingled  with  it,  U  is  always  in  a  suitable  condition  to  use. 
If  dry  earth  or  muck  cannot  be  obtained,  cut  straw  or  sawdust 
may  bo  substituted.  But  earth,  being  an  excellent  deodorizer 
itself,  and  containing,  as  it  does,  much  valuable  fertilizing  mat- 
ter, is  much  to  be  preferred. 

If  artificial  fertilizers  are  used,  they  may  at  any  time  be  mixed 
with  the  compost  heap.  Also,  when  a  pig  is  kept,  its  pen  should 
be  cleaned  daily  and  the  litter,  ming'.cd  with  the  general  pile, 
will  add  greatly  to  its  value.  Common  salt  may  occasionally  be 
added  to  the  compost  heap  with  advantage,  but  ashes  never,  as 
they  tend  to  liberate  the  ammonia  and  thereby  cause  waste. 

YARD    ROOM    AND  EXERCiSE. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  have  a  large  yard  connected  with  the 
stable,  as  a  cow  is  seldom  inclined  to  exercise  her  locomotive  pow- 
ers more  than  is  required  to  secure  her  food,  and  if  this  is 
placed  before  her  at  suitable  times  and  in  sufficient  quantity  to 
supply  her  demands,  she  will  remain  perfectly  contented  in  an 
enclosure  twenty  feet  square.  In  planning  our  buildings  let  us 
bear  in  mind  that  sunlight  is  esseniiai  to  perfect  beailh.  There- 
fore we  should  have  the  yard  on  the  sunny  side  of  the  budding. 
At  the  same  time  we  should  see  that  there  is  u  shady  comer, 
where  the  cow  may  take  herself  during  intense  heat.  A  hint 
m  this  direction  is  sufficient.    ^Nothing  can  be  more  cruel  than 


1 


IM 


KEEPING  ONE  COW. 


to  force  any  dumb  animal  to  stand  exposed  to  thn  rays  of  an 
August  mid-day  sun,  or  wliere  ehc  is  tormented  nearly  to  dcatli  by 
flies.  Yet  we  often  see  just  such  inhuman  neglect  on  the  part 
of  those  who  should  know  better. 

Althoui^h  in  many  respects  desirable,  a  pasture  lot  is  not  ab- 
solutely essential,  and  in  the  case  of  the  villager,  whose  land  is 
measured  by  feet  instead  of  acres,  it  must  be  dispensed  with. 
Hence  we  have  recourse  to  what  is  t«"ined  the  soiling  system, 
which  is  simply  cultivating  such  crops  aa  will  produce  a  succession 
of  green  food  throughout  the  2<*a8on,  and  placing  the  same  before 
the  cow  in  such  quantities  and  at  such  times  as  she  may  require, 
instead  of  allowing  her  to  tramp  araand  after  her  feed,  and 
thereby  waste  more  than  she  eats.  It  req  -ires  some  skill  and 
judgment  to  carry  out  this  plan  successfully,  hut  wherever  it  has 
been  practised  judiciously  and  intelligently,  the  results  have  been 
nnifonnly  satisfaetory.  As  to  what  amount  of  land  is  required  in 
order  to  keep  a  cow  through  the  year,  I  will  not  pretend  to  say ; 
nor  do  I  think  it  advisable  to  try  to  produce  the  entire  amount  of 
food  required  for  h  full  year's  sustenance. 

HAY. 

I  know  that  for  me  it  is  far  better  to  purchase  what  hay  will  be 
needed  to  feed  through  the  winter  than  to  attempt  to  grow  it. 
Besides,  our  village  lots  are  much  too  small  to  be  profitably  con- 
verted into  hay  fields,  and  even  if  there  should  be  more  luad  than 
is  necessary  to  furnish  the  soiling  crops  f<s^  summ^-r  leedmg, 
it  is  usually  much  better  economy  to  employ  ii»e  same  in  the  cul- 
tivation of  small  fruits,  which,  as  I  have  before  stated,  more  than 
pays  for  what  hay  is  required,  besides  supplying  ub  with  many 
luxuries. 

In  my  own  case,  I  have  set  apart  one-half  of  an  acre  from  which 
to  supply  the  cow  with  food  during  a  period  extending  from  May 
first  to  November  first.  N  iw  this  will  be  entirely  insufflcicnt, 
except  under  the  very  best  cultivation  and  management,  which,  of 
course,  I  am  bound  to  bestow  upon  it  That  it  is  BuflRi^'cnt,  with 
proper  care,  I  have  repeatedly  proved.  Such  results  coald  hardly 
be  expected,  however,  from  land  which  has  received  no  previous 
preparation,  and  is  worn,  wcirmy,  and  weedy.  Let  us  assume,  then, 
that  our  half  acre  is  in  a  good,  fair  state  of  productiveness.  To 
produce  a  continuous  supply  of  wholesome  fodder,  I  find  a  system 
of  rotation  must  be  practised,  and  have  subdivided  my  half  acre 
into  four  equal  parts,  containing  each  one-eighth  of  an  acre,  or 


, 


JL 


BHHBHffii 


)  rnys  of  an 
y  to  death  by 
:  on  the  pnrt 

ot  is  not  ab- 
rhose  land  is 
ipensed  witli. 
iling  system, 
e  a  succession 
;  same  before 
may  require, 
er  feed,  and 
me  skill  and 
lerever  it  Las 
ilts  have  been 
is  required  in 
ctcnd  to  say ; 
ire  amount  of 


\.t  hay  will  he 
pt  to  grow  it. 
rofitaWy  con- 
lore  land  than 
itDir  leedmg. 
ne  in  the  cul- 
Bd,  more  than 
18  with  many 

re  from  which 
ing  from  May 
y  insufflcicnt, 
cut,  which,  of 
uffii^'tjat,  with 
1  coalci  hardly 
d  HO  previous  ; 
I  assume,  then, 
tiveness.  To 
find  a  system 
( my  half  acre 
)f  an  acre,  or 


KEEIMNU   ONE  COW. 


83 


twenty  square  rods.  These  I  shall  desicfnntc  as  plots  one,  two, 
tlirec,  and  four  Plot  one  is  at  the  present  time  in  clover,  having 
been  seeded  «nt'  year  ago,  and  will  be  ready  for  use  about  June, 
Plot  two  was  sown  to  winter  rye  last  October,  and  will  Im 
siedcd  down  with  clover  this  sprui;,'.  From  this  patch  of  rye  I 
sliall  obtaui  the  earliest  feed,  and  will  bei;in  usmjj:  it  about  May 
Aral.  Plot  three  will  be  sown  with  corn,  drilled  thickly  in  rowjj 
two  and  a  half  feet  apart,  which,  if  sown  as  soon  as  damper  from 
frost  i.s  past,  will  be  ready  for  use  about  August  first.  Plot  four 
will  be  sown  to  uian^els  or  sugar  beets.  I  prefer  the  latter,  and 
this  is  the  only  crop  cultivated  for  winter  use.  Both  this  cop  and 
the  corn  are  planted  with  a  garden  seed  drill,  while  the  rye  is  sown 
broadcast.  On  the  first  of  May  I  begin  cutting  the  rye.  Up  to 
this  time  the  cow  has  been  fed  on  clover  hay,  and  grain. 

I  calculate  to  have  the  cow  drop  her  calf  at  alwut  April  first.  To 
this  end  I  have  her  served  about  June  twenty-fifth.  Of  course, 
wc  canno.  always  have  our  own  way  in  this  matter,  but,  accident 
excepted,  we  can  usually  manage  so  as  to  approximate  the  time. 
During  a  iK-riod  of  a  few  days  subsequent  to  parturition,  I  feed 
quite  spiiringly — however,  allowing  her  all  the  long  bay  she  will 
eat,  together  with  a  jwck  of  beets  twice  a  day,  but  no  groin  of 
any  kind,  this  reduced  ration  being  necessary  to  avoid  the  danger 
which  might  result  from  the  too  abundant  secretion  of  milk  at 
this  time,  which  high  feeding  would  tend  to  produce.  If  at  the 
end  of  the  fifth  day  after  calving,  no  bad  results  have  occurred, 
such  as  milk  fever,  and  there  is  little  or  no  caking  of  the  bag,  I 
begin  to  gradually  increiise  the  feed,  until,  at  the  tenth  da^,  I 
rcftch  the  normal  ptandard,  which  is  as  follows : 

DAILY   FEEDING. 

At  half-past  five  a.  m.  I  feed  her  four  quarts  of  a  mixture  con- 
sisting of  one  part  each  of  com  meal  and  oat  meal,  and  two  parts 
of  bran.  Four  quarts  of  this  is  mixed  with  a  heaping  half  bushel 
of  cut  (chafied)  hay,  moistened  but  not  soaked.  While  sb'^  is 
occupied  in  eating,  I  clean  the  manure  from  the  stable,  remove  all 
dirt  from  her  udder,  and  any  that  would  be  likely  to  drop  into 
the  pail  while  milking.  Sometimes  a  sponge  and  water  are  re- 
quired to  accomplish  this,  but  usually  on  old  piece  of  a  blanket 
kept  for  the  purpose  is  all  that  is  necessary.  I  then  milk  and 
carry  the  milk  directly  to  the  house  Iwfore  it  has  time  to  cool  or 
alworb  odors,  which,  even  with  the  utmost  care  and  cleanliness 
cannot  be  entirely  avoided.    After  breakfast,  I  give  the  cow  a 


II 


1^: 


84 


KEEPING  ONE  COW. 


puck  of  sliced  beets,  on  which  !jns  iHjen  sprinklctl  almiif  a  dessert 
spoonful  of  salt,  which  completes  her  hreiikfnsl.  At  this  time  it 
is  a  very  good  plan  lo  use  the  curry  coinh  or  card  for  ten  or  llftccn 
minutes,  though  I  must  confess  timt  I  sometinicrt  neglect  this  part 
of  the  programme :  still  I  think  that  my  cow  g<'<M  fur  more  indul- 
gence in  this  direction  than  most  cows  in  the  neigliborliood.  After 
she  has  flnishcd  eating,  if  the  weather  is  not  too  unfavorable,  I 
allow  lier  to  run  out  in  tlio  yard,  where,  at  noon,  I  give  her  just. 
08  much  long  hay  aj  she  will  eat  up  clean,  and  no  mrrc 

There  is  at  all  times  plenty  of  frcsli  water  in  the  yard,  to  wl»i(li 
she  can  help  herself  whenever  she  so  desires ;  otherwise  she  would 
need  to  have  it  supplied  to  lier  at  least  twice  a  liay,  but  not  im- 
mediately before  or  after  a  fceil  of  grain.  At  lialf-past  lire  in  the 
afternoon  she  receives  the  same  amount  of  food,  I'od  prepared  in 
the  same  manner  as  in  the  morning.  Thid  method  is  contimied 
until  the  crop  of  rye  is  largo  enough  for  ust.  All  changes 
from  dry  to  green  feed  must  be  made  gradually,  if  we  would 
avoid  loss.  By  this  time  our  supply  of  roots  will  be  exhausted, 
but  the  green  food,  in  a  measure,  takes  the  place  of  them.  I  con- 
tinue to  give  the  same  amount  of  t^fi^iii  throughout  the  summer 
as  I  did  through  the  montli  of  April,  and  also  to  mix  it  with 
chaffed  hay  slightly  moistened,  as  this  insures  the  complete  masti- 
cation and  thorough  intermingUng  with  tl»e  saliva,  which  is  so 
essential  to  perfect  digestion  and  assimilation.  As  the  supply  of 
green  food  increases,  1  diminish  the  quantity  of  clmiTed  buy  tmtil 
but  one-half  the  former  amount  is  used,,  which  quantity  is  con- 
tinued through  the  soiling  season.  The  one-ciglUh  acre  of  rye 
will  last  until  about  June  fifteenth,  at  which  time  the  red  clover 
will  be  large  enouprh  to  feed.  We  should  not  chn  igc  abruptly 
from  one  kind  of  green  food  to  another,  but  increase  the  one  and 
diminish  the  other  gradually  until  the  change  is  complete.  To 
ascertain  the  exact  amount  needed  for  a  feed  of  this  kind,  as  well 
as  of  the  other  green  crops,  requires  some  judgment  on  the  part  of 
the  feeder ;  but  a  very  safe  rule  is  to  feed  just  such  an  amount  as 
the  cow  will  eat  clean,  and  no  more.  We  cannot  specify  exactly 
what  would  be  a  proper  amount  in  every  case,  neither  can  wo 
spend  time  to  weigh  each  ration,  but,  by  observing  carefully,  we 
arc  enabled  to  determine  very  closely.  I  find  that  my  cow  will 
eat,  besides  her  other  feed,  a  good  armful  of  green  fodder  three 
times  a  day,  I  always  cut  a  day's  supply  on  the  afternoon  pre- 
ceding, and  allow  It  to  remain  in  the  swath,  where  it  will  wilt, 
and  a  portion  of  the  water  evaporate,  thereby  rendering  it  more 


y 


lit"  a  dessert 
tliia  time  tt 
en  or  ilftccn 
ict  this  part 
more  Indul- 
liood.  After 
fuvorablc,  I 
Ive  her  just 
•c- 

•d,  to  wbidi 
D  she  would 
but  not  Im- 
l  fire  in  tlie 
prepared  in 
;a  continued 
^li  changes 
f  we  wouid 
:  exhausted, 
hem.  I  con- 
the  summer 
nix  it  with 
plete  niasti- 
whlcb  is  80 
10  supply  of 
:d  buy  tmtil 
itity  is  con- 
acre of  rye 
!  red  clover 
ge  abruptly 
the  one  and 
m  plete.  To 
:ind,  as  well 
a  the  part  of 
Q  amount  as 
icify  exactly 
^her  can  wo 
arefuUy,  we 
my  cow  will 
odder  three 
ternoon  pre- 
it  will  wilt, 
ring  it  more 


!  ' 


$. 


ip 


"-■ik  1 1 


llli 


St 


s. 


KEEl'iVd   ONK  COW. 


wr 


wholrsomt!  than  when  fod  lmmc(Uate!y  nfter  PutUng.  an<l  I  think 
my  cow  r<'15sh(!8  It  better.  By  the  fltlcentli  or  twoiitklh  of  July 
tbo  clover  wl''l  have  beconie  bo  Jipc  u»  tu  nccesHltate  tlic  cutllnj? 
unci  curing  of  any  that  may  be  kit  at  tlint  time.  It  muy  mill  be 
fed,  however,  for  a  few  days,  or  until  the  sowed  com  becomes 
lar^e  enough  to  take  its  place,  which  U  generally  about  the  first  of 
August.  T!\i9  crop,  and  tlienccond  cutting  of  tlio  clover,  will  coni- 
pletf  the  course,  and  will  furnish  feed  until  well  along  into  October, 
or  the  flrsi  of  November,  after  which  I  depend  on  purchased  fowl. 

WINTEU   FEED  AND  THEA.TMENT. 
If  net  previously  done,  I  now  procnrc  three  thousand  pounds  of 
the  best  early  cut  clover  hay.    As  my  shod  is  not  sufndently  largo 
to  store  away  this  amount,  1  am  obliged  to  stack  part  of  it.    I  also 
procure  bran  and  meal.    The  amount  of  these  which  I  require  for 
a  year's  supply  is :  of  bran,  one  thousand  pounds ;  of  corn  meal, 
one  thousand  pounds  ;  and  of  oat  meal,  soven  hundred  and  fifty 
pounds.    These  atr.ounts,  well  mixed  together,  will  furnish  a  feed 
of  eight  quarts  per  day,  which  amount  is  diminished  during  the 
period  in  which  tlic  cow  is  dry,  and  is  sometimes  increased,  if  by 
any  means  other  food  is  short.     It  is  not  advisable  to  procure  all 
this  feed  at  once,  for,  if  sUired.  it  would  be  quite  likely  to  heat  and 
mould  before  it  could  bo  used,  besides  being  subject  to  loss  from 
rata  and  other  vermin.     I  therefore   procure  one-sixth    of  this 
amount,  or  two  months'  supply  ct  a  time,  and  I  huvo  often  found 
It  convenient  and  profitablo  to  buy  the  corn  and  oats  and  have 
them  ground  myself.    The  course  jiansai-d  in  feeding  from  No- 
vember first  until  February  fifteenth,  ftt    rlucU  tinio    the  cow 
becomes  dry,  is  similar  to  that  which  1  iiavo  described  for  the 
month  of  April.     It  is  better  to  dry  off  the  cow  four,  five,  or  even 
six  weeks  prior  to  calving.    Sometimes,  in  order  to  do  this,  it  will 
bo  necessary  to  omit  the  grain  and  diminish  the  quantity  of  roots 
for  a  few  days,  but  af»or  she  becomes  quite  dry  I  resume  feeding 
as  before,  except  perhaps  to  lessen  the  amount  of  grain  until 
within  a  few  days  of  calving,  when  I  omit  the  gram  entirely  until, 
as  I  have  before  stated,  the  danger  from  milk  fever,  etc.,  is  past. 

CALVING. 

Borne  people  continue  to  milk  tbeir  cows  until  within  a  very- 
short  lime  of  calving.  This  is  very  poor  economy.  The  milk 
at  such  times  is  thin  and  insipid,  and  unfit  for  food.  I  have 
never  lound  any  "  preparatory  treatment"  of  the  cow  pnor  to  par- 
turition, Buch  as  physicing,  etc.,  to  be  neceasary ;  but  place  her 


fP  KEEPINO  ONE  COW. 

on  ihort  ratioiu  for  a  few  days— adiuinlstorinpf,  aa  one  writer 
ternm  It,  "JudlcioiiH  Hlurrutlon."  T(i<«  fowl  of  roots  is  eontiiiui-d, 
OS  fht-y  exert  u  liixativo  elFert  on  the  lioweN  und  tissues,  tlicnhy 
otivittlinK  llic  ueccBslly  of  nlvinR  a  huge  dose  of  Epsom  SaltM. 
In  an  exporienno  of  fifteen  years,  by  followlnjif  tld«  plan  of 
restricting  the  diet,  I  luivo  not  hud  a  cuso  of  milk  fever,  upo- 
l)le.\y,  or  retention  of  plaeenta,  and  hut  one  case  which  called  for 
Hssistanco,  and  this  was  duo  wholly  to  nn  uecidcnt.  When  asiiifflo 
cow  is  kept,  she  is,  of  course,  exempt  from  the  1  ccnsequences 
which  so  often  result  from  crowding  and  lighting  with  other  cows, 
and,  if  kindly  treated  and  provided  with  comfortable  acconmioda- 
tlons  for  feeding  and  shelter,  she  will  seldom  have  any  trouble. 
But  cases  where  ossistance  is  Indispensable  do  sometimes  occur, 
even  under  the  best  management,  the  most  frequent  of  which  is 
the  retention  of  the  placenta  or  afterbirth.  If,  at  the  cud  of 
twenty-four  hours,  the  cow  has  not  "  denned,"  it  is  then  time  to 
undertake  the  removal  of  the  placenta.  Tliis  can  be  occoniplisluHl 
by  carefully  introducing  the  right  arm  of  a  man  having  a  small 
hand,  which  should  previously  be  weia  greased,  mto  the  cavity  of 
the  uterus,  when  the  connecting  attachments  will  readily  he  found 
and  may  be  separated,  after  which  the  whole  may  be  brought 
away.  Th(»o  attachments  arc  often  quite  numerous,  und  care 
should  bo  token  that  all  arc  detached,  and  that  the  whole  of  the 
after-birth  Is  removed,  us  serious  results  sdmetimes  occur  when  a 
portion  of  It  Is  retained. 

If,  from  any  cause,  the  foetus  has  got  into  an  unnatural  position, 
or  shows  nny  other  presenUtioii  than  that  of  the  two  font  feet  and 
muzzle,  natural  labor  may  be  rendered  impossible,  and  assistance 
will  be  required  in  order  to  «!t  matters  right.  There  arc  several 
abnormal  positions  m  which  the  calf  may  bo  presented,  while 
there  are  but  two  positions  in  which  delivery  is  practicable.  In 
the  natural  position  the  two  fore  feet  and  nose  are  the  parts 
which  make  their  first  appearance.  When  this  is  the  case  we  may 
generally  conclude  that  our  services  will  not  be  required.  If,  on 
tiio  other  hand,  there  is  any  alteration  of  this  position,  either  by 
the  absence  of  the  head  or  of  one  or  both  feet,  or  if,  when  labor 
pains  have  continued  for  some  time,  there  is  no  presentation  at  all, 
it  will  be  necessary  to  investigate  the  cause.  The  owner's  duly,  in 
cases  of  this  nature,  will  be  to  restore  it,  by  judicious  manipula- 
tion, to  its  normal  position,  or  to  m  ich  a  position  as  will  render 
delivery  practicable.  If,  from  the  nature  of  the  case,  the  lore  legs 
and  nose  of  the  foetus  cannot  be  brought  into  such  a  position,  we 


Wh  m 


KEEPINU   ONK  <'0W. 


80 


18  one  wrltrr 
is  toMtiiiufd, 
iHUfs,  therchy 
tlpsotn  SattM. 
this  plan  of 
k  fever,  upo- 
IcU  culled  for 
Vhen  a  hIii^Iu 
ccnsequenccs 
h  other  eowo, 
acconimoda- 
uny  trouble. 
etiuK'g  occur, 
,  of  which  is 
tt  the  end  of 
then  time  to 
accomplished 
aving  u  small 
the  cavity  of 
dily  be  found 
r  be  brought 
us,  und  euro 
whole  of  the 
occur  when  a 

ural  position, 
fore  feet  and 
nd  assistance 
re  are  aeveral 
lentcd,  while 
icticable.  In 
ire  the  partu 
case  we  may 
Hired.  If,  on 
Ion,  cither  by 
',  when  labor 
ntation  at  all, 
ner's  duly,  in 
lus  manipula- 
J3  will  render 
the  lore  legs 
>  position,  we 


muKt  endeavor  to  brins  up  the  hind  U-rh  and  deliver  U  In  that 
poalthm.  It  fre(pieiitly  occurH  in  this  position,  im  well  us  some- 
times In  the  nalurul  one,  that  tnictlon  will  Imve  to  be  applied.  In 
such  cuscs  it  should  be  applied  simultuneously  with  the  throes  of 
the  cow.  In  rare  coses  It  becomes  necessary  to  amputate  portions 
of  the  fa>lus  and  bring  them  away  separately,  which  opiratlon 
should  iM!  left  to  the  veterinary  siirfieon.  In  fact,  whenever  as- 
sUlance  is  required,  it  is  better  to  employ  the  services  of  a  compe- 
tent surgeon,  if  such  can  bo  obtained.  But  where  professional 
nsslstancf  cannot  be  obtained.  It  Is  much  better  to  use  one's  own 
judgment  than  to  depend  on  the  village  cow  doctor,  wholsusunlly 
one  of  the  most  ignornnt  persons  in  the  community.  Happily, 
cases  requiring  any  assistance,  where  a  single  cow  is  kept,  arc  rare. 
For  Mamitis  or  garget  I  have  given  successfully  the  following 
powder  twice  daily :  Pulverized  Digitalis,  one  drahm ;  Nitre,  one 
ounce;  Cream  of  Tartar,  one-half  ounce ;  mix  and  give  in  tiio  feed. 
If  the  bag  is  caked  and  hard,  let  the  calf  run  with  the  cow  for  a 

few  days. 

I  do  MOt  consider  it  profitable  to  raise  the  calf,  therefore  I  dis- 
pose of  it  as  soon  as  possible.  There  are  always  plenty  of  farm- 
ers or  farmers'  boys  v.fho  arc  glad  to  buy  a  good  calf  to  raise,  and 
will  willingly  pay  one  or  two  dollars  for  llie  same,  and  take  it 
right  away.    I  prefer  to  raise  and  fatten  a  pig  instead. 

ACCIDENTS  AND  FAILURES. 

It  is  no  more  than  fair  for  me  to  say  concerning  my  plon  of  feed- 
ing, that  I  have  occasionally  been  obliged  to  modify  some  of  the 
details,  on  account  of  unfavorable  circumstances.  For  instance,  I 
have  been  forced  to  cut  grass  from  the  highway  in  front  of  my 
house,  to  supply  a  deficiency  in  some  crop,  caused  by  unfavorable 
weather,  or  some  accident  or  other.  In  the  spring  of  1878,  my 
clover  failed  to  catch,  leaving  me  to  make  up  for  the  loss  of  that 
crop  as  well  as  I  could.  It  was  certainly  most  unfortunate,  ina-s- 
much  as  it  seriously  interfered  with  the  whole  system  of  rotation. 
To  carry  out  the  plan  of  soiling  successfully  requires  considerable 
time  and  labor.  And  on  the  whole,  unless  one  has  plenty  of  the 
former  at  his  disposal,  and  a  good  wholesome  inclination  for  the 
latter,  ho  could  do  full  as  well  to  adopt  the  old  time  practice  of 
having  his  cow  pastured  by  the  week,  in  which  case  no  other  labor 
than  milking  would  be  required,  while,  if  she  were  allowed  a  feed 
of  meal  or  bran  at  the  time  cf  milking,  night  and  morning,  very 
satisfactory  results  would  be  obtained. 


%  '.  ^-JWSi 


"^xr 


KKEI'IXU    ONI  COW. 


OXE   year's   BEaiLTH. 

To  rIkiw  what  1  Imro  net  ompliikcd  by  it,  I  will  kIvc  an  oe* 
count  of  tld'  j>ro(!iii;l»  of  my  onv  "  Polly,"  for  lli<«  your  omllng 
April  flmt,  1880,  together  with  »  xtnl<  neat  of  Iho  notiial  cxpcnRca 
of  her  keeping.  Hi  siiles  whut  was  v.  •«.(!  in  a  fmiilly  of  fniir, 
I  have  mjIiI  one  hundred  and  Bixly-nine  |>oundt4  of  hutti  i,  at  an 
overage  of  twenty  eentii  ittr  pound,  which  amnuntM  to  Ihirty-thi"' 
dollurH  and  eighty  ccnta ;  eight  hundred  and  twenty-eight  quart!* 
of  milk,  at  nix  ccntH  per  quart,  forty  nine  doilara  an<l  sixly-clght 
cents;  clghu-cn  quarts  of  butter-milk,  at  inree  cents  per  quart, 
flfty-four  cents:  cl<ven  quartit  of  sour  milk,  at  i  o  ccnta,  twenty- 
two  cents;  one  calf,  four  days  old,  one  dollar  and  seventy Hvo 
cents;  total,  cighty-flvc  doliim  and  inctyninc  centv  To  this 
1  nmy  add  one  hundred  and  twenty  iMUnd*  of  butt,  i  i  on  unmd 
at  home,  twenty-four  dollant,  and  about  tw  -  hundred  and  thirty 
quarts  of  milk,  worth  thirteen  dollarn  and  eighty  cent-  muldnir  in 
oil,  one  hundred  and  twenty-three  doll  ira  and  Hcventy-nine  cents. 
The  cost  of  feed  was  an  follows:  One  thousand  pounds  bran,  i  mo 
dollars  and  sixty  cents;  one  thousand  pounds  com  n.'al,  eleven 
dolhrs  and  fifty  cents;  seven  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  of  oat- 
meal, niAo  dollars  and  eighty  five  cents;  three  thousand  pounds 
clover  hay,  thirteen  dollars  and  fifty-cents;  two  hundred  pounds 
ryo  straw,  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents,  muck,  two  dollars;  total, 
forty-seven  dollars  and  ninety-five  cents;  Icavmg  a  balance  of 
•eventy-fivc  dollars  and  eighty-four  cents.  As  I  keep  a  horse,  I 
have  the  necessary  tools  for  cultivating  the  land  myself,  I  have 
not  added  the  cost  of  cultivation  as  an  item  in  tlie  expense  col- 
umn, and  perhaps  it  may  be  said  that  I  should  Iho  havi  iiddcd 
interest  on  land  and  buildings.  As  an  offset  to  these,  I  would  call 
attention  to  the  valuable  pile  of  manure,  and  furthermore  I  have 
made  no  account  of  a  largo  amount  of  skim-milk,  on  which  I 
raised  a  pig.  This  pig  was  fed  nothing  but  sour  milk,  and  a 
very  few  small  potatoes,  until  about  four  weeks  pnor  to  butcher- 
ing, when  he  was  "  finished  ofl"  on  corn  meal.  lie  weighed,  after 
being  drcs.scd,  December  twenty-eighth,  two  hundred  and  seventy, 
eight  pounds.  The  profits  from  this  cow  would  undoubtedly  have 
been  larger  had  I  sold  all  Ihc  milk,  instead  of  making  butter  out 
of  a  part  of  it,  but  I  did  not  make  mere  profit  my  solo  object  m 
the  matter.  I  wished  to  supply  ray  family  with  those  necc8sa»7 
luxuries  which,  I  believe,  arc  rendered  even  sweeter  by  the  con- 
sciousness of  their  being  the  products  of  our  own  labor.    The 


r 


h 


KKKPINU   ONI'   f'OW, 


I  ||lrc  an  ac* 
I  yi'ur  ending 
tiial  expcniict 
lully  of  four, 

Itutti  r,  at  an 
lo  thirty-tlui » 
'•right  quariM 
n<l  Mixty-ciKlit 
tlH  per  quart, 
cents,  twenty- 
1  BCTcnly  flvo 
nU  To  tkig 
:t(  r  ciiti^umnd 
red  and  thirty 
IM  makinvr  in 
ty-nino  cents, 
ids  bran,  i  ino 

irii^al,  cloven 
ouuUh  of  oat- 
isand  ixiiinds 
riilred  pounds 
lollars;  total, 
n  balance  of 
aep  a  horse,  I 
nyself,  I  have 

expense  col- 
^o  havi  lidded 
-,  I  would  call 
rnioro  I  have 
,  on  which  I 
'  milk,  and  a 
or  to  butcher- 
vcighcd,  after 
I  and  seventy- 
jubtedlyhavo 
ng  butter  out 
sole  ol)ject  m 
980  neccssaty 
r  by  the  con- 
I  labor.    The 


pleMnre  which      >vn  tolwu  in  carina  (or  my  p^t  cow,  m>.  i  "» pro. 
t'HUn«f.>rheruuiii«,Bnd  tb«  pride  Ifi-.l  in  ,  xhibitlng  bmh  my 
cow  and  the  delk'lous  rich  milk  ond  yellow  butter,  with  which  Mui 
to  bouniifully  supplies  «>.  uni|dy  repays  me  f-r  my  part  of  the 
labor.     I  hiivo  made  no  account  of  uulng  com .i.imtcd  f<'o«l,  such 
us  oil-eiikc    iiid  «otton  seed  meal,  for  the  reiwon  thai  I  Uavo  had 
very  little  » xpcrU'iicc  In  the  u>.'  of  «1h  m.     Whenever  an  unlninl 
has  become  thin  on.l  poor,  the^      'rUcles  of  foo.l  may  Im.   used  to 
BdvantaRC  to  Increase  the  fli   ..    u  d  bring  t Ik:    ..irnnl  Into  good 
condllL.n.     Hut  I  never  lot  my  cow  rot  poor,  and  I  II.. .1  that  good 
hay,  ulth  com.  oal*,and  brm,  anHwors  every  purpose,    -'  '^  fully 
adetiuato  lo  all  her  requirements.     My  systei     of  rot       n  Is  as 
follows :  The  one-eighth  acre  of  clover  sod  of  ii     preceaing  year 
is  well  manured  either  durlnR  the  n^  inter  <.r  in  Hh-  spring.  an4 
well  flttiHl  up  and  sown  to  beets  or  man-re!       Thi    crop  occupies 
the  land  during  th.  whoh'  sowon.    The  «;i.>.    plot  Is  again  plowed 
the  next  sprlnK  for  sowed  .  orn.    After  this  crop  Is  oH'  it  Is  again 
mnnurtd  and  sown  to  rye,  and  the  following  spring  ta  opaln  seeded 
to  el  ver.    It  is  kept  In  clover  one  year,  yiel.ling  two  cnps  .luring 
the  H.  uMon,  after  which  it  is  trcotcd  as  before.    Eoch  .f  the  four 
plotH  undergoes  the  same  treatment;  thus  a  complete  rotation  it 
established. 


..  j  w»-*^yi*6  .■  ^  j  \i^. 


Oi 


u  oxB  cotr. 


KEEPIXO  A  COW  ON  CAPE  COR 


•r  M.  T.  T.   MICKBHMON,  lODTU  OBNMIII, 

Wo  llvo  \n  aswtlon  of  rnuntry  wlu-rc  naturu  hoa  not  boon  IotIMi 
with  licr  K'ft"-  Our  noil  In  ii;in<ly  aiul  only  produiTx  puyliig «r(i|'H 
by  IiIkIi  ciUllvatliin.  Kiinnln){  wllli  an  come*  m'lir  to  Ixliig  oim 
of  tho  lodl  uru.  Wi>  nr««  nol  tilliTH  of  the  im)II.  LIvIdk,  iiii  wc  do, 
within  iound  of  the  Atlantic  mirf,  w  It  bfttl*  lt«  t'vi<rl«»tlnK  niciw- 
urti  upon  our  coast,  wc,  from  mmwlatlonii  of  bl.-th  nrv\  furiy  tn«u- 
iMK,  plow  th»)  Occun  for  u  living,  thu  (urrowM  f rt'tjucntly  Htn!t«'hluK 
from  poU)  to  pole,  or  to  tlit'  opjMJBlto  mUc  of  the  gloln.'.  Few,  very 
few,  keep  cowH,  A  larxc  proiMirtion  of  our  |)eopli)  do  not  keep 
any,  and  it  w  nol  common  to  And  many  that  have  n>oro  than  one. 

Wu  keep  a  good  grad«  Jt'rw'y,  ami  will  give  our  way  of  keeping 
one  cow,  haTliig  learned  long  ago,  that  »took  of  any  kind  paid 
for  good  care.  Keeping  a  lot  of  cattle  or  hogn,  or  poultry,  and 
•imply  feeding  what  wo  happen  to  have,  or  what  we  can  buy 
cheap,  leaving  them  to  shift  for  themwlve*  m  cold  and  stormy 
weather,  or  giving  them  wet  uncomfortable  iitablcs,  always  rcHulla 
In  dlieaso  to  the  utock  and  loss  to  the  owner. 

Wo  bOW  ao  early  m  the  spring  as  tho  ground  is  In  condition  to 
work,  forty  rods  with  a  mixture  of  oata  and  peas,  and  forty  rods 
in  spring  rye.  We  commence  cutting  our  oats  and  peas  as  soon 
as  the  pens  begin  to  bloom.  Where  wo  have  a  good  stand,  a  rod 
per  day,  divided  in  three  feeds,  morniog,  noon,  and  night,  is  gen- 
erally enough.  As  soon  as  we  have  cut  about  ten  rods  we  plow 
under  the  stubble,  and  plant  Early  Minnesota  Sweet  Corn— rows 
two  and  one  half  feet  apart— lulls  two  feet  in  the  rows,  leaving  two 
and  three  stalks  in  a  Ulll.  The  next  ten  rods  wo  serve  in  the  same 
manner.  If  our  rye  Is  now  grown  enough  to  cut  with  profit  wo 
commence  feeding  it,  and  cut  the  balance  of  our  oaU  and  i)ca«, 
.  nd  cure  them  for  winter. 

If  our  rye  Is  not  fit  to  cut  for  soiling,  wo  continue  to  use  our 
oaU  and  peas  until  it  is,  and  then  cure  for  winter  what  is  left.  As 
soon  as  the  last  of  our  oata  are  off,  we  plant  about  four  rods  with 
beeU  (mangel  wurzel).  Wo  prefer  the  Globe  varieties,  as  tho 
yield  is  better  on  our  soil.  The  balance  of  our  oat-andpea  ground 
we  sow  with  Hungarian  gross. 

As  soon  us  wo  have  cut  ten  rods  of  oiir  rye,  we  manage  as  with 
our  oats,  turn  under  the  stubble  and  again  plant  sweet  com.  The 
earlier  tho  variety  tho  better.   Wo  prefer  the  Early  Minnesota.   As 


fe3L 


r 


COD. 


»  not  ttcon  IbtUIi 
iiTH  puyliii;  <'rii|m 
H'lir  to  being  (iiii« 
LIvIdk,  11*  WL<  du, 
L'vitrlnatlnK  nico*- 
li  nnil  i-uriy  tnini- 
[ucntly  HtrL'tchluK 
IoIm'.  Few,  vi'ry 
upUi  do  not  ki'c'p 
(>  more  tliuo  on«. 
r  way  of  keeping 
)f  any  kind  paid 
t,  or  poultry,  and 
^liat  wu  cun  liuy 
cold  and  otorniy 
cs,  alwayit  rcHulta 

In  In  condition  to 
H,  uiid  forty  rodii 
and  peas  ai)  soon 
HW{\  Htund,  a  rod 
md  niKlit,  |8  gun- 
un  ro<l8  wo  plow 
weet  Corn— rowB 
rows,  leaving  two 
B(<rv(>  in  the  Hamo 
ut  with  profit  wo 
ur  oats  and  i)eaa, 

mtinne  to  use  our 
r  what  18  left.  Aa 
ut  four  rmls  with 
Turletiea,  as  tho 
Dt-und-pea  ground 

e  manage  as  with 
sweet  com.  Tho 
ly  Minnesota.  As 


^mtm^ms.^,^^l^^^;,l4}^.i^^^J§] y:.,,  j" 


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1.4    III  1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTi:R,N.Y.  14580 

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Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


I 


!l 


KBEPINO   ONE  COW. 


93 


Boon  as  wp  have  cleared  off  the  next  ten  rods  of  our  rye,  wc  pbnt 
from  two  to  four  rods  willi  turnliw.    The  Iml.vn.e  wf  how  with  a 
mixture  of  Hunsjurian  und  the  earliest  "  Canada  Gray     pea.     >\  o 
now  feed  our  rye  until  our  first  plantins  of  corn  and  Ilunpanan 
will  do  to  feed,  when  wc  turn  under  tlie  rest  of   the  rye  Klul.l.lo 
(curinj?  what  is  left  of  the  rye  for  wh.t.r),  sow  half  with  Hunga- 
rian and  the  halance  we  sow  (not  plant)  with  sweet  corn.    As  soon 
as  our  first  planting  of  corn  is  cut  up,  wc  sow  two  or  three  rows 
broadcast  with  flat  turnips,  8(-n»o  of  the  strarvlcaved  varieties, 
hoeing  or  raking  them  In  by  hand.    Wc  continue  to  plant  or  sow 
Bomo  quick-growing  variety  of  corn,  peas,  grass,  grain,  or  roots, 
even  when  it  is  very  doubtful  if  wc  shall  receive  any  return  for  our 
time  und  work ;  but  wc  frequently  get  a  fair  yield  from  our  third 
planting.    I  presume  a  great  many  will  be  sceptical  in  regard  to 
this  "third  crop  business."    It  musi  be  remembered  that  our  first 
sowing  is  made  very  early  in  the  spring,  and  that  wo  do  not  wait 
until  any  C  our  fi^rage  crops  mature,  but  we  cut  them  long  before 
hey  would  be  rine,  thereby  shortening  the  time  of  their  growth 
and  leaving  the  ,      md  to  bo  planted  with  something  else. 

The  above  is  no  iron  rule,  but  subject  to  great  variations.  Our 
Plan  is  to  sow  as  early  as  possible  in  the  spring  with  the  earliest 
maturing  grass  or  grain  we  can  get,  and  from  the  time  we  com- 
mence cutting  until  there  is  no  possibility  of  getting  any  return. 
We  sow  and  plant  wherever  wc  have  a  few  rods  of  bare  gn>una, 
as  soon  as  any  of  our  crops  are  maturing  or  there  is  something 
coming  forward  to  take  its  place.  Wc  cut  and  cure  what  Is  left 
for  winter.  We  advise  close  seeding  in  all  cases,  roote,  of  course, 
excepted. 

COW    KEPT    ON    HALF    AN    ACRE. 

If  the  season  is  favorable,  wc  manage  to  keep  our  one  cow 
nicely  on  half  an  acre,  or  rather  on  the  fodder  grown  on  half  an 
acre.  But  sometimes,  on  account  of  drouth  or  late  frost,  we  are 
obliged  to  buy  a  little  hay  in  the  spring. 

It  18  impossible  for  us  to  say  how  much  feed  must  bo  bought. 
We  generally  have  a  bag  of  com  (two  bushels),  and  a  bag  of  oats 
(two  and  a  half  bushels),  ground  together,  feeding  from  two  to 
tour  quarts  a  day,  according  to  the  amount  of  rooU  used,  and  ^e 
season  of  the  year,  feedmg  meal  very  sparingly  in  summer  We 
freauently  reserve  two  or  three  rods  In  the  spring  for  early  tur- 
nips, to  be  fed  when  large  enough  for  profit,  but  always  feed  tur- 
nips immediately  after  milking  to  prevent  flavoring  tlie  mUk.    We 


i 


"TSr: 


1^  KEEPIKa  ONE  COW. 

generally  hove  a  few  cabbage  plants  started  to  set  where  the  corn 
misses,  or  the  beeU  or  turnips  fuil  to  come  up,  or  in  any  corner  or 
by.place  where  »here  U  room  for  a  cabbage  to  grow.  Sometimes 
we  reserve  a  few  rods  for  cabbajses  late  In  the  season,  as  we  find 
them  excellent  for  a  change  of  feed  either  winter  or  summer.  We 
advke,  in  all  cases,  the  use  of  the  earliest  varieties  of  grass,  gram, 
or  vegetables,  as  wo  cannot  alTord  the  time  and  ground  occupied 
by  come  of  the  larger  and  taller  growing  varieties,  being  convinced, 
from  actual  experience,  that  two  and  three  crops  of  eaily  vorielies, 
although  small,  are  more  profitable  than  one  crop  of  the  laiger 
late  varieties. 

THE    STABLE    AND   THE    MANURE    CELLAR 

The  stable  for  our  cow  is  a  shed  nine  by  sixteen,  built  on  the 
south  Side  of  our  carriage  and  wagon  house.    Onc-hulf  of  the  shed 
is  partitioned  off  and  enclosed  for  winter  use  or  stormy  weather; 
the  other  half  of  the  shed  is  open  on  the  south  side,  and  our  yard 
is  about  sixteen  by  thirty,  including  the  shed.     We  think  it  would 
bo  better  to  have  It  larger,  but  wo  get  along  with  it  nicely.    We 
find  the  best  way  to  dispose  of  her  manure  is  to  have  a  small  cel- 
lar underneath  the  stable,  with  cemonted  bottom  and  sides,  so  as 
to  be  woter  tight,  the  stoble  to  have  a  tight  floor  with  a  gutter 
behind  the  cow  to  receive  the  droppings  and  urine,  with  a  scut- 
tle or  trap  door  in  the  gutter  to  let  it  aU  go  into  the  cellar.    For 
bedding,  wo  use  forest  leaves,  and  use  thcnt  liberally.    Where  for- 
est leaves  cannot  be  obtained,  any  refuse  hoy  or  straw  will  ons- 
wer,  but  the  cow  as  well  as  the  horse  should  have  plenty  of  good 
dry  bedding.    To  mix  with  the  urine  and  droppings  of  the  cow, 
wc  put  into  the  cellar,  sea-weed,  muck,  turf,  slops  from  the  house, 
and  soap  suds,  or  anything  wo  think  will  make  good  compost.  Wo 
gather  up  the  droppings  frora  the  yard  and  throw  them  into  tho 
cellar.    Wo  keep  our  yard  well  laid  with  forest  leaves.    If  those 
are  not  avdlable,  we  use  the  next  best  thing  we  can  get.    In  tho 
fall,  when  we  cart  the  manure  out  of  the  cellar,  we  gather  up  wimt 
has  accumulated  in  the  yard  and  put  it  into  the  cellar.    In  tl»>8 
way  we  save  all  of  the  manure,  and  in  excellent  condition.    Now, 
to  make  it  better  and  save  the  labor  of  pitching  it  over,  we  keep  a 
pin-  where  he  can  have  access  to  the  cellar,  and  if  not  disposed  to 
work  we  keep  him  on  short  feed  and  scatter  corn  in  tho  cellar,  so 

that  in  order  to  get  it,  he  will  have  to  root  the  whole  mass  over  in 

good  shape. 
We  cart  our  manure  out  in  the  fall,  distributing  it  over  our  land 


tmn 


KEKPIN(»  ONB  COW. 


96 


I  set  where  the  corn 
or  in  any  corner  or 
» grow.  Sonieliint'a 
a  season,  as  wc  find 
,er  or  summer.  We 
•ties  of  grass,  grain, 
nd  ground  occupied 
les,  being  convinced, 
psofeaily  varieties, 
a  crop  of  the  larger 

B    CELLAR 

sixteen,  built  on  the 
Onc-httlf  of  thesbcd 
or  stormy  weather ; 
A  side,  and  our  yard 
Wc  think  it  would 
with  it  nicely.    We 
( to  have  a  small  ccl- 
ttom  and  sides,  so  as 
t  floor  with  a  gutter 
ul  urine,  with  ascut- 
into  the  cellar.    For 
iberally.    Wliere  for- 
ly  or  straw  will  ans- 
havo  plenty  of  good 
roppings  of  the  cow, 
slops  from  the  house, 
ic  good  compost.  Wo 
throw  them  into  the 
rest  leaves.    If  those 
;  we  can  get.    In  the 
ar,  we  gather  up  wiiat 
[0  the  cellar.    In  this 
ent  condition.    Now, 
ing  it  over,  wo  keep  a 
nd  if  not  disposed  to 
•  corn  in  the  cellar,  so 
lie  whole  mass  over  in 

buting  it  over  our  land 


ns  evenly  m  possible,  and  plow  it  under  as  tleep  n»  wc  can.  Wo 
do  not  sow  unvtmiig  for  next  yeurV  use,  as  we  think  we  gel  a  bet- 
ter reluin  from  our  limd  to  sow  eurly  in  liso  spriitv  and  eontliiuo 
it  through  the  summer.  It  is  a  luistuken  itlea,  or  rallier  a  grave 
blunder,  to  undertake  to  grow  good  m)\n  of  unytl.ing  without  the 
liberal  use  of  manures.  As  soon  us  our  land  will  do  to  work  in 
the  sprir-h'.  we  ww  our  outs,  pei.s,  and  rye,  giving  a  top  dressing  of 
guuio,  superphosphates,  or  bono  meal,  which  wc  rejKat  with  each 
succcMive  sowing,  also  giving  eacl.  hili  of  cm  and  rows  of  beet» 
and  turnips  a  small  quantity.  Wc  alternate  the  top  dressings, 
tliot  U  if  we  use  superphospliate  the  first  sowinjj,  we  use  ground 
bone  or  guaro  the  second,  and  vice  versa,  as  we  find  the  continu- 
ous use  of  any  one  kind  of  manure  or  fertilizer  is  as  injurious  as 
continuous  planting  of  corn  or  potatoes,  without  rotating  with 
iomethingelse. 

DAUnE:..4    FOR    KEEPING    ROOTS. 
Wo  have  a  way  of  our  owa  for  keeping  cur  roots  in  tlio  ab- 
sence of  a  vegetable  cellar,  or  when  wc  do  not  want  them  in  the 
bouse  cellar.    We  take  any  eld  barrels  nnd  set  them  in  the  ground, 
'i.e  chiner  just   coming  to  the  top  of  tlie  ground  (wc  do  not 
want  a  head  in  cither  end  of  the  barrels).    Into  tlicse  lieadless  bar- 
rets wc  put  our  beets,  turnips,  cabtwge,  etc.    As  the  weather  grows 
cold  we  cover  the  barrels  with  some  loose  boards.    Wliencver  it 
is  cold  enough  to  freeze  liard,  wc  throw  over  them  enough  hay  or 
straw  to  keep  out  the  wet.    By  this  mctliod  we  can,  witli  very  lit- 
tle trouble  at  any  time,  get  out  a  barrel  or  part  of  a  barrel 
of  root".    In  tliis  way  the  roots  keep  in  fine  condition.    Late 
in  the  spring,  turnips  and  bsets  will  be  as  brittle  nnd  good  as 
when  pulled  in  the  fall,    Our  subject  is  "  keeping  one  cow,"  but 
any  one  that  feels  disposed  to  try  it,  will  find  tlie  above  :i  very 
fine  way  to  keep  turnips,  beets,  cabbage,  or  celery,  for  family  use. 
We  prefer  to  have  our  cow  calve  obout  the  first  of  April,  as  we 
then  have  thne  to  make  veal  o    "•■?  calf  before  we  begin  to  make 
grass  butter.    There  is  generaliy,  in  any  place,  a  better  demand 
for  milk  through  the  winter,  and  better  prices,  hence  if  one  wishes 
to  sell  milk  and  buy  butter,  it  would  perhaps  be  beUer  to  have  her 

calve  in  the  fall.  ...    .     .        j  ,,       ,  , 

We  hardly  feel  competent  to  advise,  if  help  is  needed  in  calving. 
As  her  time  of  calving  dnuvs  nigh,  we  give  our  cow  extra  care  and 
attention  It  the  bowels  are  kept  in  a  bealtliy  condition,  wc  ap- 
prehend there  is  rarely  trouble,  from  tlie  fact  that  our  cows  have 
always  calved  without  the  need  of  help. 


(I 


>!*««B«wswi®rsr~ 


H  KEEPING  OKE  COW. 

„t  U,»  ,■»!(  I»  «..,...•  w.y,  "U™  1        ;  lll^ll  2  u„.  ll,c  milk 

time.    It  seems  to  satisfy  a  neci-ssuy  oi  m. 

Ly  «uek  and  draw  Us  "— -;\  -™  ^'old  IwSing  her 
better  plcluro  of  contentment  tlian  to  sto  uu  o 
calf  after  being  awny  from  it  uUda^  morning,  and 

Wc  advise  >^K»»"Vr  u„^*  if Sr  ckanllness  and  thorough 
kind,  gentle  treatment  card  ng  In  J'  i"^^'^'  "J       „  ,„„fl„,d  in  a 

""rtrlhttor      Soflt^^^^^^ 

yard,  a  thin  sheet  to  Keep  presume  some  will 

ble  for  the  cow,  and  P^A^**^  «  to  the  m%  ncr        i  ^^  ^^^^  ^^ 

ridicule  the  idea  of  l''""'"^'"*  ^''"  ""^^Ji"  ,^ Jul  have  plenty 
the  horse?  Again,  if  confined  In  a  y^^  K^ng  a  cow"  with 
of  clean  pure  water,  and  P»«"y  "'  "''^f ,;,,  J^J^^but  of  co^venl- 

milk  and  fresh  butter. 


EEKIMNO   ONE  COW. 


1»7 


.B,  we  would  dispose 
H  olil,  t.ui  if  iiiilli  la 
i<  calf  huvo  tbe  milk 
ho  butcher  will  not 
)  dress  It  for  us,  und 
f  Rlad  to  l>uy  U.  In 
■n  tor  our  calf.  Wc 
At  for  that  length  of 
•  nature  to  have  her 
r.  We  know  of  no 
old  cow  suckling  her 

it  and  morning,  and 
inllnesa  and  thorough 
time,  It  confined  In  a 
found  very  comforta- 
I  presume  some  will 
t  why  not  as  well  as 
I  should  have  plenty 
Keeping  a  cow,  with 
Lxsure,  but  of  convcnl- 
in  having  pure  sweet 


AI.I'ALFA    OH   LUCEUN. 

BT  kam'i.  C.  uammku,  downkv  citv,  cau 
1  httTC  lived  in  Tennessee,  In  Texas,  and  now  reside  In  Califor- 
nia. I  have  been  using  Alfalfa  for  some  eiKhl  or  ten  years,  imd 
from  my  own  personal  rare  of  and  attention  to  lids  artiele,  I 
maintain  one  can  obtain  more  milk  tlio  year  round  from  it,  witli- 
out  change  to  otiicr  food,  than  from  any  one  thing  grown.  Be- 
sides Alfalfa  can  l)e  grown  at  less  expense,  and  is  attended  wltli 
less  labor,  wlietlier  fed  green  or  cured,  llian  any  other  feed. 

Altdfa  can  b«i  gmwn  in  Canada,  It  is  said.  If  so,  tlien  any  one 
J-,aj  th-^  thanee  to  try  this  wonderful  friend  to  the  farmer.  Once 
sorvn  on  deeply  cultivated  land,  free  of  weeils,  it  Is  good  for  ten 
years  or  tven  more,  with  us.  Twenty  pounds  is  abundant  seed  for 
nn  acre— si^me  think  too  much;  but  It  sliould  be  sown  thickly.  Let 
It  stand  thick,  and  it  Is  finer  and  more  tender.  Where  sown 
sparsely  it  bc-omcs  woody  and  coarse.  It  can  be  cut  here  as  early 
as  March,  whci-e  mowing  and  not  grazing  is  adhered  to,  and  it 
should  never  b.  graze  1  or  "  stakrd  -  (fed  otT  by  tetliered  cattle). 
From  seven  to  .;lno  cuttings  can  be  obtained  from  it,  and  from 
fifteen  to  twenty  Ions  of  cured  hay  a  year  made  to  tiic  acre ;  tiiat 
l«  if  on  i;ood  land  and  if  the  crop  fully  occupies  the  ground,  and 
is'  cut  just  as  a  few  scattering  blooms  are  observed.  Tins  hoy 
must  be  cured  as  rapidly  as  possible,  raked  in  windrows  and 
bunched  the  second  day,  rather  letting  it  cure  in  bunches  than 
in  ony  other  manner,  to  prevent  leaves  falling  off;  then  housing 
or  "shedding"  It  soon  as  possible,  sprinkling  salt  through  it  as 
stacked,  to  prevent  mould. 

Alfalfa  needs  no  top-dressing  with  fertilizers  and  manure,  but 
simply  tt  severe  cross-harrowing  with  a  very  sliarp-tootUcd  iinr- 
row.  bearing  the  weight  of  a  man.  The  more  the  Alfalfa  is  torn 
and  split  up  the  better  It  will  grow.  Tlds  harrowing  should  ?)0 
done  in  spring  before  it  commences  its  first  growth.  After  grow- 
in-  a  few  years,  the  stools  project.  In  many  places,  above  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground.  It  an  implement  could  bo  devised  for  the 
purpose  of  cutting  off  all  these  old  stalks  just  below  the  surface, 
then  seed  lightly,  giving  a  -ood  harrowing,  the  plants  would  be 
renewed,  and  would  thicken  up  rapidly,  for  wherever  a  stalk  or 
root  Is  cut  off,  dozens  of  new  shoots  spring  up  In  its  place. 

However.  I  advocate  o  change  of  diet  for  brutcs.as  well  as  man- 
kind, and  therefore  take  for  the  f'^'n^J' «=«'', %»i°""7^°J"°'i 
« <:ccilent  ground.    1  will  suppose  that  one  half  of  it-th»t  Is  a 


in  KEEl'lNO   ONK  CUW. 

quarter  acnv-i»  well  Hct  In  Alfalfa.  Thn  rrnt  I  would  hr.vo 
I'l.iwt'd  twice,  vrry  ili'i-p,  "njootlMMl  iiiul  lui.l  off  In  ilrilln  for  .ar- 
rotH  which,  al  th.- proper H..n8.)n  (with  us  in  Fchru.iry  or  Murdi),  I 
woiil  1  enrich  in  the  furrown  with  any  wtll-rottcd  manure  For 
Alfalfa  olmoHt  unv  Rood  «'jll  BUlw,  for  I  find  It  udapli.  ils.lf  to 
various  boIIh  and  ondurrs  a  wrcat  deal  of  rou«h  treatment,  hut  in 
order  to  ^ei  the  hest  retiultH  it  sh..uld  ho  well  treated.  I  prefer  a 
moderately  sandy  soil,  which  is  naturally  moist.  On  .Iry.  mellow 
irround.  It  will  send  down  a  Ux\yToot  ten  feot.  I  have  drawn 
roots  out  of  very  sandy  sod  when  digging  post  holes  that  would 
measure  six  feet.  They  seek  moisture  during  dry  weather,  and 
althouRh  1  have  Imd  Alfalfa  dio  down,  the  ground  hemg  parched 
and  cracked,  yet  when  the  fall  or  winter  rains  bcgui,  it  springs 

up  in  a  few  days. 

As  soon  afl  the  Alfalfa  comes  m,  feed  it  alone,  Halting  as  Huits 
one's  own  idea.  Whtu  the  first  scattering  blooms  appear  I  would 
cut  the  remainder-namely,  that  which  had  not  been  cut  each  day 
for  the  cow.  I  wouM  then  cure  it  as  rapidly  as  possible,  and 
put  It  under  cover,  sprinkhng  salt  over  It.  I  now  advocate  and 
practice  fccdinj,  the  cured  bay  in  preference  to  the  green.  By 
the  latter  you  obtain  a  greater  tlow  of  milk,  but  with  the  former  I 
consider  the  milk  richer,  and  this  is  the  experience  of  dairymea 
with  whom  I  have  conversed. 

A  cow  learns  to  eat  the  cured  fodder  almost  as  readily  as  the 
green  and  all  danger  of  bloat  is  obviated.     Some  may  think  be- 
causo'l  am  in  California  that  irrigation  makes  some  difference,  but 
my  Alfalfa  grows  without  it.    I  cut  mine  six  times  lost  summer. 
1879  and  it  was  on  exceptionally  dry  and  hot  season.     Our  rains 
fall  mostly  in  winter,  and  that  has  to  do  us  until  the  next  winter 
Now  as  to  the  cow,  I  would  place  her  m  o  corral  or  lot,  we  11 
Bay  of  one-fourth  to  half  an  acre  in  size,  giving  her  a  comfortable 
house  or  shed  for  winter,  in  which  I  think  she  should  be  fastened 
by  a  closed  door  in  cold  rainy  weather.    At  other  times  she 
should  be  allowed  the  run  of  tlio  lot,  having  access  to  good  fresh 
water  at  least  twice  a  day.    Shade  trees  for  summer's  hot  sun  arc 
indispensable.     In  this  lot  or  corral  you  have  all  the  manure 
where  it  can  be  gathered  up  dady  or  weekly,  and  comiwsted 
or  housed,  ready  to  be  spread  on  the  ground  for  future  crops. 
Some  would  say  a  cow  should  be  curried  every  moraing.    They 
certainly  do  enjoy  it,  but  many  California  farmers  never  saw 
such  a  thing  done.    I  think  it  should  be  done  just  before  the  ani- 
mals begm  to  shed  their  old  coats;  afterwards  1  sec  little  use  of  it. 


UKi:i>lNU  OUli  cuw. 


*  t 


r-pt  I   woulil  hfiVO 

r  In  ilrillH  f(ir  nir- 

ruary  or  Munli),  I 

ted  inamiro.    For 

it  tuliiptu   ItHClf  t(l 

trcatmeDt,  but  in 

rcotL'tl.     I  pri'fi-r  ii 

On  «lry,  nipilow 

It.     I  littvu  drawn 

holes  tliiit  would 

dry  wfiitiier,  iind 

lund  being  parvlied 

m  begin,  it  Bpringa 

10,  saltlnR  ns  Huila 
ms  appear  I  would 
I  been  cut  eacli  day 
ly  aa  possible,  and 
now  advoeale  and 
to  tbo  green.     By 

I  with  the  foroior  I 
ricncc  of  dairymta 

it  aB  readily  as  the 
Some  may  tliinlt  be- 
lonie  dilFcrence,  but 
times  last  summer, 
Beason.  Our  rains 
til  the  next  winter, 
corral  or  lot,  we'll 
g  her  a  comfortabio 
Bhould  be  fastened 
^.t  other  times  she 
tccess  to  good  fresh 
immer's  hot  sun  aro 
avc  all  the  manure 
Illy,  and  comiwsted 
d  for  future  crops. 
;ry  morning.  They 
farmers  never  saw 
!  just  before  the  ani- 

I I  SCO  little  use  of  it. 


PERMANENT  GRASS  AH  SOILING  CROP. 

BT  f.  B.  MOHHIH,  iJIUCLICi,  R.   Y, 

The  kerplnif  of  one  row  seems  to  In-  gent-rully  rrgnrded  as  a 
matter  of  ho  little  iuiportunee,  and  one  so  simple  in  \U  nature, 
that  even  pcr^tons  of  low  Intel ligoneo  can  acarecly  fail  of  Bucceu. 
But  to  keep  a  cow  in  such  a  manner  as  to  receive  the  greatest  re- 
turn for  the  leant  possililu  ex|>enso  in  labor  anl  money,  requires 
the  most  careful  study  of  tlie  nature  and  habits,  cndurunee,  needs, 
and  the  productive  cnpabilities  of  the  animal,  and  involves 
Bfientitlc  principlcM  whicli  are  deeper  and  broader  than  those 
generally  applied  to  the  keeping  of  stock  of  any  kind. 

If  tiie  average  quantity  of  milk  be  ten  quarts  per  daj^duriiig 
the  year,  and  the  expense  twenty  cents  jMjr  day,  the  milk  will  cost 
two  coiils  per  quart,  and  if  tlio  milk  is  worth  three  cents  per 
(pmrt,  there  l*  a  net  profit  of  (ifly  per  cent  upon  the  cost  of  keep- 
ing, or  ten  cents  per  day.  But  if  the  quantity  of  milk  be  eight 
quarts  per  day,  and  tlie  expense  twelve  ccnL^,  the  milk  will  cost 
only  one  and  a  half  cents  per  quart,  or  twelve  cents  per  day.  Then 
three  cents  per  quart  for  the  milk  will  leave  an  actual  profit  of 
one  hundred  per  cent  upon  the  cost  of  keeping,  or  twelve  cents 
per  day. 

One  acre,  and  even  Bomethins  less,  put  in  good  condition,  well 
fertilized  and  properly  seeded,  will  bo  ample  for  a  pasture,  and 
will  furnish  plenty  of  nut.'itious  feed,  upon  which,  witli  proper 
care,  the  cow  will  yield  an  abundant  flow  of  rich  and  dellcioua 
milk;  while  one-third  of  an  acre  of  similar  soil  will  produce  bu(H- 
cient  hay  for  the  winter.  Tlic  pasture  should  bo  divided  into  two 
parts,  the  cow  to  be  ':ept  a  few  doys  in  each  alternately,  with 
plenty  of  pure  water  ind.Bhade.  Where  land  is  high,  as  it  always 
is  in  towns  and  villages  of  any  size,  the  pt.%ctice  of  ' '  soiling,"  as  it  is 
usually  termed,  is  the  most  profitable  way  to  keep  a  cow.  For  this 
purpose,  a  smoll  yard,  soma  twenty  to  thirty  feet  square,  perhaps, 
or  of  such  size  as  can  be  afforded,  may  be  provided,  containing 
an  open  shed— the  more  open  the  better  for  tlie  summer— only  so 
that  it  Will  Bbcltcr  the  animal  from  the  heat  of  tho  sun  and  the 
storms.  The  yard  and  shed  should  be  kept  as  clean  and  dry  as 
possible,  or  tho  cow  will  become  ill.  Plenty  of  pure  water  is  in- 
dispensable at  all  times.  A  comfortable  place  for  the  cow  to  lie 
down  IS  very  important.  Sawdust,  forest  leaves,  old  straw,  or  other 
convenient  and  cheap  litter  will  answer  for  bedding ;  or,  if  the 
ground  be  smooth,  clean  and  dry,  that  may  be  sufllciont.    Tho 


100 


KEEI'INO  ONE  COW. 


manure  In  to  be  curofuUv  colloclcd  mA  ploml  undrr  nnothrr  ihcd, 
or  «lluT .onvnilcnt  plm'c  uiuUt  nlullrr  pn.vM.a  tor  Ui.'  Lurpow, 
and  to  priviiit  bml  odor«.  thr  luap  Hh.mhl  rcci-lvr.  ..nc  In  iwo  or 
three  dayii,  a  light  o.v.rln^  «<  muck,  kuv...  muU.  wml.  .lu«  up 
1,1  the  ffudcn  or  d«.wh..rc..  or  tine  .urlh-aln.o.l  anything  Ihul 
will  rot~u..d  U.nH  n(.t  only  prevent  the  unplcnunnlneh.*  iin.   un- 
luttlthfulnm  of  BU.h  ...lors.  and  lh.>  low  that  would  r.'Hull  from 
thtlr  escape,  Imt  add  lu.vdy  to  the  hIzc  und  vulue  of  the  nuniurJ 
hcan     Now,  have  ol.out  two-thirds  of  nn  ucre  of  land,  highly 
nmnnr.-).  und,  with  the  exception  of  about  fo.,rteen  mpmre  ro,u 
well  seeded  with  a  variety  of  nutritious Kram'H.     This  (luantlty  of 
li.n.1    If  properly  enriched  and  cultivated,  will  keep  o  cow  the 
year' round,  ami  keep  her  well,  without  purchasing  any  feed.    A 
Kood  rack  or  other  arrangement  In  the  shade  is  necessary,  in  wh  ch 
to  feed,  so  that  nothing  shall  bo  wasted.    Then,  qullc  early  n  the 
•cason,  the  gross  upon  this  rich  soil  will  be  large  enough  to  be  cut 
and  fed  to  the  cow.    Wh.lo  the  ground  la  sufflcicnily  moist,  in  the 
fore  vart  of  the  season,  the  grass  will  grow  very  rapidly,  and, 
when  the  soil  becomes  a  little  too  dry,  about  half  a  busliel  o 
nloster  or  twice  ns  much  lime,  or  two  or  three  bushels  of  wood 
Lhcs,  .cattcred  upon  It,  will  usually  renew  the  vigor  r.nd  fresh- 
ncss  of  the  crop,  which  may  be  repeated  with  bcncfll  two  or  three 
times  before  the  end  of  the  growing  season.    Another  excellent 
fertilizer,  which  may  be  applied  during  the  summer,  Is  the  waste 
water  from  the  house,  such  as  soap  suus,  dish  water,  and  any 
other  Blops  that  ore  to  bo  thrown  away.    These  should  all  bo 
saved  and  scattered  upon  the  grass  from  pails.  If  no  better  method 
is  onllnarlly  practicable,  and  it  will  pay  a  person  many  times  over 
for  the  trouble.    A  light  top-dressing  of  manure  from  the  cow- 
yard  or  shed  will  be  necessary  every  year,  or  every  second  year 
certainly,  applied  in  the  fall,  or  early  m  the  spring. 

As  soon  ns  the  grass  has  fairly  got  Into  blossom,  it  should  bo 
immediately  cut  and  well-cured  for  winter  use,  unless  U  may  bo 
necessary  to  sate  a  small  quantity  to  feed  until  that  portion  which 
WHS  first  cut  for  the  cow  shall  be  ready  to  cut  again.  Orass  should 
never  be  allowed  to  stand  until  the  seed  has  formed,  as  Just  pre- 
vious to  that  time  it  is  more  nutritious  thon  at  any  other  period. 
Hay  cut  thus  early  will  make  much  more  and  better  milk,  and 
keep  a  cow  in  belter  condition  than  that  which  is  cut  later.  A 
portion  of  the  grass  can  bo  mown  a  second  time  for  hay,  and  still 
leave  enough  for  green  feed  until  foddering  time.  The  exact  pro- 
portion of  the  crop  to  be  made  into  hay  must,  of  course,  depend 


r  nnotlirr  ihod, 
iir  lli<^  purpow, 
onrt>  In  iwo  nr 
,  wtt'drt  ilu;t  up 
t  itiiylliinK  tl)iil 
iintiifMX  uml  uii- 
tulil  ri'iiiilt  fnuii 
()(  tliu  nium:M 
of  land,  lilj,'lily 
■en  Btiiiiiro  roiU, 
rills  (luiintlty  i)f 
kcrp  a  cow  tho 
1!?  ttiiy  feed.    A 
cRiwry,  in  which 
tito  early  in  tho 
inough  to  be  cut 
itly  tnolBt,  in  tho 
ry  rapidly,  and, 
lulf  a  buBlu'l  uf 
bUHhela  of  wood 
dgor  r.nd  fresh- 
cttt  two  or  three 
nothcr  excellent 
nor,  Ifl  the  waste 
water,  and  any 
JO  should  all  bo 
no  better  method 
many  tlmcB  over 
re  from  the  cow- 
fery  second  year 

som,  it  Rhould  bo 
unless  it  may  bo 
iiat  portion  which 
ain.  Grass  Hhould 
med,  as  Just  prc- 
any  other  period, 
better  milk,  and 
h  is  cut  later.  A 
I  for  hay,  and  still 
5.  Tho  exact  pro- 
of course,  depend 


i; 


-^^-V'-Uk-.VIf 


41k 


mriMi   ilNK  (  UW. 


xua 


upon  f  trrtimitancM,  All  timt  U  not  nrcilcil  for  ■uinmcr  tMt 
■hiiulil  U'liiml  for  wliiUT,  utul  llu'  <|iiuntliy  will,  umiriilly,  M 
aiiinclcnl,  ir,  liidci'il,  tlifM  U  not  an  ovt'riiluo,  n*  will  itullu  likely 
uci'ur  In  niuny  ciui.*». 

IIKHT  EINDM  OV  OIUHHRH. 
It  la  Imixtrtant  to  knww  wluit  klntU  of  Krni«M>s  aro  hnt  mlnptiil 
to  thu  priMliK  lion  of  milk  iiml  liuttcr,  for  IhiHi  mitninir  nnd  winiir 
fi>ciUni{;  iiml  ii|ion  tlilM  di'iM'mU,  hi  a  Kr<'i>t  luouituri',  Ihr  prolU^  to 
bc>  rrullzcil.  Thu  priutlco  of  M>('<llnt(  witli  u  Nlni{l<*  kind  of  nmta, 
or  cvt'O  wUli  u  mlxturo  of  rlovi-r  uml  tiniotliy,  i»  not  it  r>  i  one. 
Four  of  tlir<  nioiit  nutritious  iiml  productive  klnt'.n  of  uriu*,  incUxl- 
\t\n  thnotliy,  white  clovfr,  and  •ucli  otln'r  vurlttlcn  on  ar«i  well 
nduptvd  to  the  purtlculur  nntiirtt  and  condition  of  thi-iioil,  nro  nouo 
too  iniiny  to  l»o  sown  to){cllnr,  for  pujtturt!  or  incmlow.  Five 
qunrtd  of  timothy,  threo  of  wldto  clover,  nix  of  orclmnl  htma,  uml 
ihrco  of  rcdtop  (If  the  ground  1«  quite  nioUt*.  or  other  gm»»  nultccl 
to  the  soil,  ore  ulwut  the  proper  (piantltleii  ond  pro|Kirt|on«  for 
general  une,  on  un  acre  of  liind.  Hiicli  a  mixture,  u|M)n »  rlih  noil, 
will  pro<luce  fully  twice  im  much  feed  aa  any  one  kind  upon  tho 
■nmo  «<ill.  White  clover  prwUiccH  ii  greater  quantity  nnd  In-tter 
quality  of  milk  ond  butter  tiinn  ony  of  tlie  other  varlotle»  of  grMi, 
nnd  tho  quantity  of  feed  produced  by  duch  o  mixture,  will  a«ton- 
inh  any  pcrxon  not  acquainted  witl>  tho  factn.  BcHhiea  produclnn 
much  moro  abundantly,  tliey  furnish  Nomething  ofo  variety  ot 
feed,  which  is  greotly  Iwneflcial  In  tho  nmnufacturo  of  both  milk 
and  flcdh.  Wcedn  Injure  the  flavor  of  milk  aid  butter,  ond  should 
never  1)0  in  the  footl  for  cowd.  An  acre  of  rlcli  uoll,  well  HCLMled 
witli  a  good  •election  nnd  variety  of  iwrennial  grnssen,  will  pro- 
duce hIx  ton*  of  well-cured  hay  In  one  Bcnson ;  by  mowing  twice, 
and,  by  eiiily  cutting,  this  con  be  done  without  difllculty.  In  my 
own  oxp<Tiencc,  ll»c  tlrnt  mowing  lio»  given  ut  the  rate  of  full  four 
tons  per  acre,  and  the  second,  somewhat  Injured  by  drouth,  two 
tons.  Some  writers  recomnjend  tho  sowing  of  one  or  more  of  tho 
rank  growing  annuals,  ns  being  more  pn)ductivo;  but  n  careful 
consideration  of  the  subject,  accompanied  by  cxiKsrimentit,  discloses 
tho  foct  that  tho  extra  expense  of  preporlng  the  ground  ond  seed- 
ing annually,  overbalances  ony  increased  quantity  of  feed  pro- 
duced, especially  when  tho  coarser  and  less  nutritious  nature  of 
the  feed  Is  taken  Into  the  account.  There  In  nothing  suited  to  this 
climate  and  latitude,  that  will  answer  n  better  purpose  as  food  for 
•took,  than  such  percnniols  as  timotliy,  red-top,  orchard-grass, 
blue-grass,  the  clovers,  etc.,  when  sown  upon  u  rich  «oll,  thick 


l| 


J 


104 


KEEPING   ONE  COW. 


ciuMih'li  l<»  completely  cover  the  ground  nml  to  Insaro  flne.soft  hay, 
when  cut  at  the  proper  Inno  unU  well  curetl.  I  luive  omitted  red 
« lover  in  the  mixture  of  grasses,  becuuse  Bulls  adapted  to  that  va- 
riety will  prodv.ca  \'hito  clover  equally  as  well, and  in  about  tlic 
i?au»e  (luantity,  while  the  white  gives  ti  much  better  Uuvor  to  milk 
and  l)utter,  and  nn  i.iereased  (luanlily.  Blue-grass,  cither  green 
or  cured,  is  cxcell-nl  feed  for  cattle,  but  is  unprofitable  on  account 
of  the  small  product,  and  that  coming  only  in  the  fore  t.urt  of  the 
season,  failing,  as  It  does,  just  at  the  time  when  fn-sh  feed  is  most 
needed,  li-'d  and  while  'lover  may  be  advantageously  mixed  with 
the  true  grasses,  in  many  IccaUties  where  the  soil  is  suitable,  though 
tlie  clovers  are  lilvcly  to  "  run  out "  In  a  couple  of  years,  and  leave 
their  places  to  be  filled  witli  inferior  fodder  plants. 

MILKING  TIIHEE  TIMES  A  DAY, 
During  the  heat  uf  summer,  ;'ic  cow  should  Iw  milked  three 
timesadliy,  "t  regula.'lntervals-aboutflveo'ch)ckln  the  morning, 
one  in  the  afternoon,  and  at  nine  in  the  evening.  The  quantity 
of  milk  and  butter  is  considerably  increased,  and  the  quality  im- 
proved, by  tins  practice.  The  milk  is  injured  by  remaining  in  the 
udder  throuirh  the  heat  of  the  day,  and  the  cow  is  made  uncom- 
*  fortablc,  which,  of  necessity,  diminishes  her  usefulness.  -.Vhen 
cows  are  milked  but  twice  a  day  In  hot  weather,  the  udder  he- 
comes  too  much  heated  and  feverish,  and  the  milk  Is  in  a  similar 
condition— the  cream  seems  to  be  melted,  the  milk  soon  becomes 
Bour,  the  cream  does  not  rise  well,  and  the  butter  Is  soft  and  oily. 
Tha.'e  dlfHcultlea,  almost  universally  attending  butter-um..-;ng  at 
this  time  of  the  yoar,  are  mostly  overcome  by  the  practice  of  milk- 
ing three  times  a  day,  and  the  cow  being  near  at  hand,  it  is  a  small 

mftttcr* 

Th-  length  of  tine  a  cow  should  be  milked,  will  depend  on  her 
capabilities  for  giving  milk  a  longer  or  shorter  time.  Some  will 
give  milk  the  year  round,  while  others  Will  "  go  dry  "  three  or  four 
months,  or  longer,  la  spite  of  all  efforts  to  keep  them  in  mdk  a 
longer  period.  But,  as  a  rule,  It  Is  better  for  a  cow  to  go  dry 
some  cio'ht  weeks,  giving  time  for  fleshing  up  a  little,  and  gammg 
strength  for  another  fceasoii.  The  cow  will  be  more  vigorous,  and 
the  iiow  of  milk  more  abundant  afterward. 


KEE1'1N<J   ONE  COW. 


105 


iro  flno,  soft  hay, 
uivc  oiuittcil  red 
ipti'il  to  thut  va- 
nnd  iu  iiliout  tho 
IT  llavor  to  milk 
uss,  t'iilicr  j;rccii 
llabU"  on  account 
;  fore  j'urt  of  tho 
rcsh  feed  la  most 
ously  mixed  with 
H  suitabU',  IhoURh 
■  years,  and  leave 

B. 

V.Y, 

bo  milked  three 
k  in  the  morning, 
,g.  The  cuiuntity 
,d  tho  quality  ini- 
remaining  in  the 
V  is  made  uncom- 
scfulness.  -.Vhen 
lier,  the  udder  l)e- 
)ilk  is  in  a  similar 
lilk  soon  becomes 
er  is  soft  and  oily. 
butter-mR..;ng  at 
e  practice  of  milk- 
hand,  it  is  a  small 

rill  depend  on  her 
•  time.  Some  will 
dry  "  three  or  four 
lep  them  in  milk  a 
a  cow  to  go  dry 
little,  and  gaining 
nore  vigorous,  and 


THE  ELLSWORTH  Oil  "RAIIRE"  SYSTEM  OF 
FEEDING. 

BT  D.  D.   8L\UE,  CUE8TNUT  HfLL,  MABB. 

My  own  experience,  as  well  as  that  of  others,  has  taught  mc  that 
a  cow  properly  fed  twice  a  day,  will  give  more  milk,  and  bo  in  bet- 
ter condition  than  when  when  fed  three  times,  or  more  frequently. 
This  plan,  which  is  known  as  the  "  Barre  "  system  of  feeding,  may 
bo  adopted  throughout  the  year,  although  it  has  been  chiefly  up- 
plied  to  the  winter  months,  in  the  region  where  it  bus  been  most 
extensively  pursued. 

The  poorest  quality  of  fodder  is  given  first,  at  the  commence- 
ment of  each  meal,  and  before  this  is  entirely  consumed,  another 
foddering  of  a  better  quality  is  placed  before  the  cow,  and  finally 
a  third,  of  the  best  hay.  After  this  is  consumed,  ioots,  grain,  etc., 
may  bo  given  immediately.  In  this  wr.y,  the  animal  employs  on 
an  average  about  two  hours  at  a  meal— which  occurs  only  twice 
during  the  day,  with  an  interval  of  from  six  to  seven  hours  be- 
twcen  the  morning  and  evening.  Water,  always  slightly  warmed, 
in  cold  weather,  is  offered  at  once,  and  it  will  be  found  that  tho 
cow  will  not  drink  so  freely  after  she  has  begun  to  chow  the  cud. 
No  food  should  be  given  between  tho  meals,  which  should  be  at 
regular  hours,  ond  i..rved  with  punctuality.  So  long  as  she  chews 
her  cud,  which  in  the  weil-fed  cow  is  about  six  hours,  we  can  rest 
assured  that  her  digestive  organs  have  work  enough  before  them, 
and  that  we  canuot  reasonably  call  upon  them  to  do  more. 

The  why  and  the  wherefore  of  this  system  of  feeding,  which 
we  heartdy  advocate,  are  well  told  in  the  words  of  Mr.  Ellsworth, 
the  originator.  "  The  idea  that  a  cow  needs  only  two  meals  a  day 
during  tho  winter  season,  at;  long  as  she  is  kept  upon  hay  or  other 
dried  fodder,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  she  will  eat  much 
oftener,  when  obtainin  -  her  living  from  the  pasture,  may  appear 
to  the  casual  observer,  to  be  contradictory  to  itself ;  but  on  a  closer 
investigation  wo  shall  notice  a  rational,  and  I  believe  satisfactory 
reason  for  it.  Of  all  the  elements  of  which  grass  is  composed,  by 
far  tho  Iprgcr  part  is  water,  which  must  render  it  much  more  bulky 
thon  an  equal  amount  of  hay,  and  for  this  reason,  more  is  required 
to  supply  the  wants  of  the  system.  During  tho  season,  therefore, 
when  the  cow  must  live  by  her  own  exertions,  she  must  labor 
most  of  the  time  to  obtain  the  requisite  amount  of  nourishment, 
which  she  is  not  required  to  do  while  in  the  barn.    We  must  not 


r 


loc 


KEEPimi   ONK  COW. 


fowt.  ttlso,  tbat  pastures  in  general  arc  kept  down  bocIoso  during 
the  greoter  part  of  the  summer,  that  only  l.y  continual  labor  can 
her  wiintH  be  Hiitlsflcil." 

The  same  rules  arc  applicable  to  the  soiling  of  the  cow  during 
the  summer  months,  the  only  difference  being  that  green  food  is 
given  In  the  place  of  dry.  This  may  consist  of  rye,  oats,  barley, 
millet,  or  Hungarian  grass,  corn,  English  grass,  etc.,  cut  while  la 
the  millc.  It  will  frequently  be  found  that  a  propoition  of  dried 
hay  will  also  at  times  be  highly  relished,  and  may  bo  essential  to 
allay  any  cjr.cessivc  looseness  of  the  bowels,  which  may  be  pro- 
duced by  the  succulent  food. 

During  the  time  of  eating,  the  milking  and  other  necessary  work 
may  be  done  about  the  cow  house,  so  that  time  may  be  thus  econ- 
omized. .  ,  - 
As  to  the  requisite  amount  of  food,  it  may  bo  taken  as  a  safe 
rule  that  a  milch  cow  demands  In  food,  three  per  cent  of  her 
weight.  An  average  cow,  then,  will  require  from  eighteen  to 
twenty  pounds  of  buy.  In  addition  to  a  peck  or  two  of  roots  per 
day,  or  the  equivalent  of  this  amount  in  green  food  during  the 

Bunimer  months. 

If  the  hay  is  good,  and  has  been  properly  cured,  or  if  rowen  can 
be  given,  then  there  will  bo  little  or  no  demand  for  grain  m  any 
form  If  otherwise,  from  one  to  two  quarts  of  Indian  meal,  with 
two  quarts  of  shorts  per  day,  should  be  fed  out,  if  we  are  to  ex- 
pect a  good  How  of  milk.  We  have  found  excellent  results  to  fol- 
low the  practice  of  stirring  the  meal  and  shorts,  or  a  portion  of 
these  into  a  bucket  of  warm  water,  and  offering  this  mixture  im- 
mediately after  the  animal  has  consumed  her  dry  food,  and  before 
any  roots  are  eaten.  This  extra  amount  of  fluid  will  be  grcedi  y 
taken,  In  this  way,  without  any  interference  with  a  liberal  supply 
of  water  at  the  end  of  the  meal.  Salt,  at  all  times,  should  be  ac- 
cessible to  the  cow,  and  perhaps  this  article  may  be  best  supplied 
by  placing  a  large  lump  of  rock  salt  in  the  manger,  to  be  licked  as 
her  wants  may  requure.  ..    ,  .. 

Taking  Central  New  England,  as  before  remarked,  as  the  lati- 
tude of  experimentation,  it  will  be  found  that  one  square  rod  of 
oats,  Hungarian  grass,  barley,  rye,  and  similar  grasses,  in  proper 
condition,  growing  on  la^d  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation,  is  amply 
sufficient  for  a  cow  for  one  day.  Or  in  other  words,  to  bo  wlthm 
perfectly  safe  bounds,  ind  considering  the  chances  of  partial  fail- 
ure, we  may  say,  that  under  the  conditions  above  mentioned,  forty 
square  rods,  or  one  quarter  of  an  acre,  will  produce  ample  food 
for  one  cow  for  thirty-five  days.     On  this  basis,  upon  one  acre 


KKKl'INU   O.Ni:   COW. 


107 


Boc1o»o  during 
nual  labor  can 

Iho  cow  during 
it  green  food  i» 
re,  oats,  barley, 
c,  cut  while  in 
poition  of  dried 
bo  essential  to' 
ch  may  be  pro- 
necessary  work 
\y  be  thus  ccon- 

!  taken  as  a  safe 
per  cent  of  her 
om  eighteen  to 
two  of  roots  per 
food  during  tho 

,  or  if  rowen  can 
for  grain  in  any 
]dian  meal,  with 
if  wc  are  to  cx- 
unt  results  to  fol- 
9,  or  a  portion  of 
this  mixture  im- 
food,  and  before 
I  will  be  greedily 
I  a  liberal  supply 
ic8,  should  bo  ac- 
be  best  supplied 
;r,  to  be  licked  as 

>rkcd,  as  the  lati- 
)nc  square  rod  of 
grasses,  in  proper 
tivation,  is  amply 
)rdB,  to  bo  within 
ces  of  partial  fail- 
I  mentioned,  forty 
)ducc  ample  food 
18,  upon  one  acre 


ran  Im  grown  soiling  niatrrlal  aulllclcnt  to  keep  a  row  »iirou,i?h  the 
yo  ir,  ullowint;  also,  u  UImtiI  amount  of  roots.  How  \a  lliis  to  bo 
donoV 

Wc  may  atMunic  that  a  man  takes  ijossession  of  a  place  on  tlic 
first  of  April,  which  Is  the  customary  time  In  New  England.  Let 
him  select  an  acre  of  the  land  most  suitable  to  the  purpose  in  view. 
Let  him  set  apart  forty  square  rods,  or  one  quarter  of  it,  for  suni- 
nuT  soiling,  twenty  square  rods  for  the  growth  of  roots,  and  the 
remiiining  one  hundred  square  rods  (or  crops,  to  be  properly  cured 
for  winter  use.  The  land  having  been  thoroughly  prepared,  that 
Is,  in  high  tilth,  sow  as  early  in  April  as  possible,  on  ten  square 
rods,  oats,  or  spring  rye,  at  the  rate  of  four  bushels  to  the  acre. 
This  will  be  fit  to  cut,  for  summer  soiling,  In  thu  flrst  week  of 
July. 

On  the  fifteenth  to  twentieth  or  April,  sow  the  next  ten  rods  In 
a  similar  manner.  This  will  be  ready  to  cut  nltout  the  fifteenth  of 
July.  On  the  first  of  May,  sow  outs  or  barley  on  the  next  ten 
rods,  which  will  be  fit  for  cropping  August  first. 

On  the  tenth  to  the  fifteenth  of  May  put  in  tho  next  five  rods  In 
drills,  flat  corn  at  tho  rate  of  three  busliels  to  the  acre,  and  a  week 
later  the  remaining  five  rods  arc  to  be  treated  in  a  similar  manner. 
This  will  give  succulent  food  up  to  September. 

As  soon  as  the  first  ten  rods  of  land,  which  were  cleared  of  oats 
by  the  tenth  of  July,  has  been  again  prepared  properly,  sow  Hun- 
garian grass  at  the  same  rate  as  before  stated.  Do  the  same  also 
with  the  next  lot,  cleared  of  oats  by  the  first  of  August,  putting  in 
barley,  however,  in  place  of  millet,  as  this  is  not  injured  by  tho 
early  frosts.  Barley  may  also  bo  sown  on  the  lot  which  was 
cropped  about  the  tenth  of  August,  or  if  this  grain  has  already 
occupied  the  land,  we  may  substitute  corn,  using  a  stimulating 
fertilizer  to  give  it  a  rapid  growth.  In  this  way,  we  shall  have  a 
succession  of  green  food  up  to  November,  augmented  also  by  tho 
tops  of  the  roots  when  thinned  out  or  when  harvested.  The 
larger  varieties  of  the  sweet  corn  may  be  substituted  for  the  flat, 
and  is  perhaps  better  relished,  although  not  afl'ording  perhaps  so 
large  a  yield. 

The  twenty  square  rods  devoted  to  root  culture  must  receive 
attention  as  early  in  the  season  as  possible — certainly  by  the  flrKt  ^ 
of  May.  The  ground  having  been  deeply  plowed  or  spaded,  and 
thoroughly  manured,  should  be  made  perfectly  level.  The  large 
sugar  beet  and  the  mangold  wurzcl  are  the  most  valuable  for  the 
milch  cow,  and  may  be  sown  at  the  rate  of  about  six  pounds  to 
the  acre.    During  Iheir  growth,  careful  attention  should  Iw  given 


108 


KEEIMNO  «»NE  COW. 


to  them  by  keeping  tl.cin  free  from  weeds,  an.    t  le  HUrfacc  of  tl.o 
ground  loL  and  frcHh.    A  good  yield  would  give  an  averatj'  of 
Sbout  8lx  hundred  and  fifty  huaheln  to  the  acre  whleh  will  bo 
eighty  bushels  for  the  plot  of  twenty  square  rods,  and  allowing 
the  cow  onc-thlrd  of  a  bushel  per  day  for  the  eight  months  of  dry 
food     The  roots  should  be  secured  from  frost  by  placing  them  In 
he  cellar  or  In  deep  pits  well  protected.  The  hundred  'o^i^^vluc  . 
is  to  be  devoted  to  the  winter  feeding,  must  be  put  down  to  oat « 
at  the  same  time,  and  exactly  In  the  same  manner  as  the  first  ten 
rods  for  summer  soiling.     Cut  these  when  in  the.r  most  succu  en 
condition,  which  will  be  probably  from  the  fifth  to  the  tenth  of 
July     Cure  them  well,  and  house  or  stack  them  in  a  suitable 
manner     The  land  having  been  again  suitably  prepared,  the  pre- 
ceding crop  must  be  at  once  followed  by  Hungarian  grass,   a 
bushel  and  a  half  to  the  acre,  which  will  be  fit  for  cut  .ng  as 
soon  as  the  head  Is  formed,  which  will  be  In  about  s.x  weeks  from 
the  time  of  sowing.     Cure  It  as  far  as  possible  in  the  cock,  which 
will  render  It  more  nutritious.  ,       ,      .  • 

The  one  hundred  square  rmU  being  again  cleared  and  put  m 
order  during  the  autumn,  sow  winter  rye  at  the  rate  of  three 
bushels  to  the  acre.  This  will  be  ready  to  cut  in  the  sprmg,  and 
will  afford  green  food  much  earlier  than  In  any  other  way  for 
soiling.  If  there  Is  a  surplus  of  any  of  the  green  crops,  convert 
it  Into  hay  for  winter  use. 

From  the  two  croppings  of  the  one  hundred  square  rodn,  treated 
in  the  above  m.inner,  a  fair  yield  will  be  a  ton  and  a  quarter  of 
oats  cured  a.s  hay,  with  an  equal  amount  of  Hungarian  grass. 
Thus  we  have  two  and  one-half  tons  of  fodder,  which  wdl  bo 
amply  sufficient  for  one  cow  through  the  eight  months  m 
which  she  is  not  receiving  the  green  crops,  allowmg  her  the 
amount  of  hay  per  day  which  we  have  stated  as  necessary  in  con- 
junction with  the  roots  and  grain,  in  the  quantities  before  men 

^"of  course,  where  the  feeding  commences  in  April,  if  the  place 
be  taken  in  that  month,  food  must  be  bought  by  the  owner  to  last 
until  the  summer  soiling  in  July.  In  the  succeeding  year,  how- 
evfer  the  crop  of  winter  rye  will  come  in  early,  to  be  used  m  con- 
junction with  the  dried  fodder  of  the  previous  summer. 
COW  STABLED  1 N  THE  TOWN. 
Again  there  are  cases  where  a  single  cow  may  be  kept  with 
profit  and  advantage,  and  that,  too,  in  perfect  health,  without  the 
a.rency  of  land,  in  the  immediate  suburbs  of  a  town  or  city,  oif 


KEEIUNU   ONE  COW. 


1U9 


10  Burfacc  of  the 
vc  nn  avcraj^e  of 
',  which  will  1)0 
lis,  and  allowing 
ht  nidnths  of  dry 
pliicinj?  them  In 
idred  rods  which 
put  down  to  oatH 
r  as  the  first  ten 
ir  most  succulent 
ih  to  the  tenth  of 
cm  in  a  suitable 
ireparcd,  tlic  pre- 
URarian  grass,    a 
tit  for  cutting  as 
It  six  weelts  from 
1  the  cock,  wliicli 

•Icared  and  put  in 
the  rate  of  three 
n  the  spring,  and 
ly  other  way  for 
en  crops,  convert 

[juare  rods,  treated 
and  a  quarter  of 
HunRarian  grass. 
cr,  which  will  be 
eight  months  in 
allowing  licr  the 
I  necessary  in  con- 
titics  before  men 

April,  if  the  place 
J  ti'C  owner  to  last 
jceding  year,  how- 
to  be  used  in  con- 
iummor. 

may  be  kept  with 
lealtb,  without  the 
a  town  or  city,  or 


even  within  the  very  precincts  of  a  city.  It  is  requisite,  for  tiieso 
conditions,  that  provisicm  sliouid  be  made  to  allow  llic  animal  to 
breathe  fresh  air,  and  to  enjoy  a  certain  amount  of  sunlight  daily. 
Without  these  none  should  be  kept.  Exercise  is  not  essential  to 
the  well-being  of  the  milch  cow  ;  she  is  an  animal  of  repose,  and 
If  she  Is  oflired  every  effort  to  ruminate,  will  be  perfectly  con- 
tented, and  will  do  her  duty.  Attention  to  th'>  bi'st  possible  con- 
dillon  of  the  skin,  us  regards  cleanliness,  is  very  important  when 
HI)  closely  housed. 

The  food  which,  under  these  circumstances,  must  be  purchased, 
can  be  obtained  with  much  economy,  on  account  of  the  propin- 
quity to  the  places  of  sile  ;  and  although  we  do  not  advocate  the 
use  of  brewers'  grain,  or  of  any  other  cheap  articles  which  are  too 
often  substituted  for  the  natural  food  of  Iho  cow,  viz.,  grass, 
green  or  dry— a  small  quantity,  especially  when  supplemented  by 
the  vegetable  refuse  from  the  house  table,  may  l;a  advantugcously 
employed  conjointly  with  good  hay. 

Finally,  it  may  be  said  that  no  animal  better  repays  care  and 
attention,' and  can  with  more  truth  bo  called  the  poor  man's  friend, 
than  the  cow. 


110 


KKEIUNO   ONK  COW. 


FACTS    RKFUTK    PUE.TITDICE. 

UV    D.   n.   CUAPMAN,   NEW   U)NDO»,  CT. 

When  I  was  tt  boy  It  was  the  pn-viillln.!?  opinion  In  the  MCllon  of 
country  whore  1  was  raUeil,  that  it  wuh  better  timt  a  cow  nhould 
be  rather  thin  In  llesh  at  the  time  of  calving   than  """jrw  se. 
There  was  but  very  llllle  grain  fed  in  winter,  to  any  slock  in   hat 
Bcctlon,  except  to  working  oxen.    Cows  In  milk  were  fed  hay, 
while  dry  cows,  and  young  Bto<.k,  were  fed  on  straw  orcorn  stalks. 
The  result  was  that  at  the  time  ot  calving,  cows  were  generally 
thin  enough  to  conform  to  the  popular  Idea  of  a  proper  con dtlon 
Cows  Klvlng  a  largo  yield  of  milk  were  scarce  enough  In  those 
days,  and  it  was  very  seldom  that  you  would  meet  one  that  would 
;Sd  ten  quarts  of  milk  per  day  (beer  measure)  during  the  fluHh 
of  feed     My  faith  In  the  theory,  that  a  cow  should  be  thin  In  flesh 
at  the  "time  of  calving,  received  a  very  severe  shock,  very  soon 
after  I  became  tl-e  owner  of  one,  and  experience  and  observation 
have  only  served  to  confirm  my  doubts  of  Its  correctness. 

In  the  spring  of  1848. 1  purchased  my  first  cow.    I  came  across 
her  some  twenty  miles  from  home.    She  had  just  ca  ved,  and  dis- 
played  i  very  largo  udder.     Her  owner  warranted  her  to  give 
welvo  quarts  of  milk  i^er  day,  and  to  be.  In  every  respect  a  good 
family  cow.    The  cow  suited  my  fancy  In  every  particular  save 
one   she  was  too  fat.     But  having   nine  points  in    her  favor, 
I  did  not  fepl  disposed  to  forego  her  purchase  for  the  want  of  «io 
tenth     When  I  drove  her  home,  the  adverse  criticism  on  her  waa 
Immense,  solely  on  account  of  her  condition.     Said  an  old  farmer 
to  me  •  "  That  Is  a  fancy  cow,  just  suited  for  some  ricli  man,  who 
can  afford  to  indulge  his  fancy,  and  expend  for  her  ke.  inng,  twice 
as  much  as  the  value  of  her  milk.    You  will  find  that  you  have 
got  to  keep  her  In  just  the  condition  that  she  is  now  in,  or  you 
^111  get  no  milk.     If   you  do  not  keep  her  In  this  condition, 
vou  will  find  she  will  shrink  In  milk,  before  she  shrmks  m  flesh, 
and  she  won't  give  half  as  much,  on  the  same  keeping,  as  she 
would  if  she  was  no  fatter  than  my  cows." 

I  must  own,  that  after  listening  to  this  and  that  criticism  m  the 
same  strain,  I  felt  a  little  sick  of  u.y  bargain,  and  would  have  wil- 
lingly  sold  her  at  a  discount,  but  no  purchaser  appearing,  I  con- 
cluded to  make  the  best  of  a  bad  lj;irgain. 

My  purchase  was  made  April  secou  1.  Twelve  hundred  pounds 
of  hay  furnished  her  with  feed  until  uic  eighteenth  of  May.  I 
then  hired  a  pasture,  for  fifteen  dollars,  where  I  kept  her  until  No- 
vember, when  I  sold  her. 


/ 


ICE. 

IT. 

n  In  the  BOcUon  of 

Imt  u  cow  Mliould 

than  otherwise. 

nny  slock  in  that 
lllc  were  fed  liuy, 
raw  orcornstallis. 
^8  were  generally 

proper  conJitlon. 
)  enough  in  those 
d  one  that  would 
),  during  the  fluoh 
uld  be  thin  In  flcsU 
3  shock,  very  soon 
:e  and  observation 
)rrcctne88. 
iw.    I  came  across 
iBt  culved,  und  dis- 
■anted  her  to  give 
jry  respect,  a  good 
[•ry  particular,  save 
ints  In   her  favor, 
or  the  want  of  the 
•iticiPin  on  her  was 

Said  an  old  farmer 
jme  rich  man,  who 

her  ke(  |)ing,  twice 
find  that  you  have 
e  is  now  lu,  or  you 

in  this  condition, 
she  shrinks  in  flesh, 
me  keeping,  as  she 

hat  criticism  in  the 
ind  would  have  wil- 
er  appearing,  I  con- 

Ivo  hundretl  pounds 
jhtcenth  of  May.  I 
I  kept  her  uutil  No- 


KEKl'lNO  oNi:  e.)tV,  Ifl 

1  found  that,  nlthouph  the  cow  lost  llcsh  under  my  kccplncf,  an<l 
ft  good  deal  of  it  tuo.  hIic  gave  (luitc  as  nuicli  milk  as  hIic  was  nc- 
ommendnl  to  give,  and  at  the  time  »\w  was  hdIiI,  li<r  lucount 
stood  na  follows,  no  occount  having  l)een  made  of  the  milkuwdln 
t.ie  family,  then  consisting  of  tlirce  persona : 

By  nalo  (  f  Mlllj,  ot  0  cents  per  quart 174  »> 

do.        Calf ,2  m 

do.       Cow,  November  I '^  ""    ^^fJ.^Q 

Db.     ' 

ao.'  Service • »  J"* 

d"      ^'^'^'^'^ -^  mro 

Net  Profit .*M  TO 

I  was  so  well  pleased  with  this  result,  notwithstanding  tlie  unfa- 
voralde  circumstances  of  having  started  with  a  fat  cow,  thot  tho 
next  spring  I  repurchased  her  at  the  same  price  paid  the  spring  pre- 
vious. But  instead  of  a  fat  cow  then,  she  was  thm  enough  to 
afford  a  good  study  of  animal  anatomy.  She  had  had  no  other 
feed  than  corn  stalks,  for  the  two  months  that  she  had  been  dry, 
and  was  aa  much  thinner  than  when  I  sold  her ;  as  she  was  at  that 
time  thinner  than  when  I  first  bought  her.  In  fact,  she  had  been 
subjected  to  a  gradual  system  of  depletion  for  a  year. 

I  sold  her  on  the  first  of  Oclobir,  following,  when  her  account 
stood  as  follows,  no  account  hiivlng  been  made  of  the  milk  used  la 
the  furady,  numbering  three  persons,  as  before : 

Dr. 

Service". °^ 

J^gQl       _    _   ,    _        '1      "O 

Pasture,"  the's'aiiio  as  tUc  previous  your U  00  ^ 

Cn. 

By  gale  of  Milk,  at  6  cents  per  quart «51  30 

do.      Calf,  two  weeks  old.. f  "" 

do.      Cow.Octobcrl ^■•' ""   ^^ 

Loss. '^ 

This  difference  in  profit  was  occasioned  solely  by  the  difference 
of  the  yield  of  her  milk  in  the  two  seasons.  The  yield  for  the  sec- 
ond  season  averaKcd  full  three  quarts  per  day  less  than  the  first, 
and,  at  the  same  time,  the  quality  of  the  milk  was  deteriorated  in 
the  same  proportion  as  the  quantity. 


m 


KEEPIKO  ONE  COW. 


Thl«  was  my  fln.t  loMon.  m<,.ilr.Ml  l.y  exporicnco.  At  tl.o  name 
thn '!  I  k.«rnc.l  an..ll..T  l.y  ..I..H..rvuUou.  The  two  combined  u.ia.  J 
miitiTlully  to  my  stock  of  knowlwlKC. 

A  nelKl.».or  of  mln.-.  a  Orrman,  In  the  month  of  Jammir,  1849 
pntchU;..  a  h...f..r.  three  yearn  of  ago  the  con,ln«  npr  n«     8  uU.a. 
be.-»  kept  p.H.r  from  tho  tlmo  «he  w.w  weaned     At  two  yian*  < 
a'c  i'  .iaaroppe.1  her  llrst  elf.  an.l  through  her  rtrnt  «.u«... 
of  n    k     a.l  Kive »  h«t  Httio  promUc  n«  a  milker.    She  had  Junt 
b  H.n  im^when  he  purchaso.l  her.  and  ho.  without  any  previous 
krwlX  of  the  .uro  of  eow..  commenced  feedln,  her  according 
io  n  V  imtinctH.    lie  fed  her  bIx  .iuart«  of  meal  per  day  in  nddl- 
oa  to  all  U,o  hay  bIu,  would  eat.    Thb  .yMcn,  of  feeding  con- 
timed  untl    about  the  twcnty-flfth  of  March,  when  Hhe  calved^ 
IrtJieZeof  culvlng.he  was  la  be.cer  condition  than  nmch  of 
the  beef  Bold  In  our  murkeK 

About  the  Han.c  time  that  his  cow  calved  I  repnrchnHcd  mine 
The  feed  f  the  two.  .hereafter.  wa.s  very  n-  arly  alike.  «'xcept  tlmt 
lie  w  had  a  feea  of  .Ix  quarts  of  meal  .kt  duy.  while  mno 
md  onW  two  Ills  :at  cow  doubled  <m  tho  .,uuntlty  of  m  Ik  that 
h  a  Ulven  the  year  before,  when  she  came  In  poor  while  my 
noor  cow  with  extra  feed,  fell  short  more  than  «  third  of  her 
S  o? The  year  before,  when  she  cume  in,  lu  g..od  condition 

At  that  time  I  do  not  remember  to  have  ever  seen  a  work  oa 
chtiSrl.  a"d  knew  nothing  of  its  applicatl.,n ,  hut  the  know- 
S  acquired,  led  to  the  formation  of  a  theory  lu  my  mind,  on 
which  1  have  since  acted,  and  which.  Ihelieve  lias  a  scientific 
balls  to  wit :  "The  fat  laid  on  the  body  of  an  In-calf  cow  Is  a 
Se'Som  which  nature  draws  a  large  portion  o  the  "naterid 
wh  ch  l^c^eases  and  enriches  the  subsequent  flow  of  m.lk-a  store 
7rom  w"lch  she.  by  .egltlmate  processes,  produces  oleo-stearlne  in 

%S«pon"hTs  theory.  I  have  endeavored  to  apportion  to  my 
cows  a  unUorm  daUy  ration,  occasionally  varying  the  material 
wMch  although  it  may  not  sustain  the  cow  in  full  flesh  during 
ie  Latest  flow  of  milk,  seems  to  renew  It  dunng  the  period 
othfle^r  flow,  and  render  them  in  good  condition  at  the  time 
I  XinT  This  system  of  uniform  feeding,  to  my  mind,  pays 
b  tt  thSiit^lToS  heavily  while  m  ™lk  and  then  light  y 
wien  drTbecause  it  furnishes  a  large  resource  of  fat,  on  which  to 
Jiiw  at^'t^e  when  to  consume  sufficient  food  to  sustain  the  en- 
Sow  o  mU^capable  of  being  produced,  might  imperil  healtlM 
aSd  I  feel  quite  suri  that  a  certain  richness  is  thereby  imparted  to 


•L 


wc.    At  tlio  name 
It  cuuibiia'd  lulilf  J 

of  Janunry,  IMl), 
( sprlnK.  Sli*'  liatl 
At  two  yoarn  of 
h  her  tlrnt  wtwoii 
tor.  She  hiul  Jimt 
hout  nny  prcviouB 
llni;  her  according 
,1  per  iJny,  in  Rclill- 
n  of  feeding  con- 
wlii'H  hIic  calved, 
lion  tlian  much  uf 

rcpunimBed  mine, 
y  liWw,  except  tliut 
r  duy,  Willie  mine 
untlt'v  of  niilic  thot 
in  [loor,  wliilo  my 
i;in  II  tliir-l  of  her 
;ood  condition. 
CT  seen  a  work  on 
)n ;  but  tlic  know- 
ry  in  my  mind,  on 
JVC,  has  a  scientific 
an  in-colf  cow,  is  a 
ion  0*  the  material 
ow  of  milk— a  store 
ices  olco-stcarinc  in 

to  apportion  to  my 
rying  the  material, 
in  full  flesh  during 
t  during  the  period 
audition  at  the  time 
;,  to  my  mind,  pays 
iilk,  and  then  lightly 
e  of  fat,  on  which  to 
od  to  sustain  the  en- 
light  imperil  health ; 
thereby  imparted  to 


KKKPiNo  (»m;  cow.  li:i 

tlio  milk,  thilt  no  amount  of  feeding  will  draw  from  a  poor  cow. 
In  tlio  autumn  of  1877  I  piirclmMtd  n  grade  heifer  reputed  to  ho 
t(even('li{lilhs  .l(■r^4(>y  ami  onc-cl'^iith  Ayrslilre.  Hlic  hud  dropped 
hiT  llrsl  calf  llie  sprln?  previous,  wiu'n  only  two  ycurn  old.  Hlic 
was  then  represented  iw  yleldln.^r  tlirc  •  (Hiiirts  of  milk  penliiv,  ar.d 
du;-  to  eiilvo  April  the  hIxIIs.  To  iieeoiinl  for  tli"  iiuiili  yield  of 
inflk,  1i:t  owner  sill  nho  h;«l  been  Uipt  on  poor  paature  and  iiiilked 
by  <•  ireless  b<\\^  who  hail  not  been  particular  to  milk  her  clean. 

That  sill'  had  been  kept  on  p:ior  paHture  liir  appearance  abun- 
dantly eonflrmed.  She  came  Into  my  possession  during  llie  root 
harvrst,  In  November.  I  eommcneed  by  feeding  to  her  lliro 
bushels  of  rutabagi  tops,  or  of  beet  tops,  tlirets  pounds  of  corn 
meal,  together  wltii  all  the  dry  hay  she  would  cat  each  day. 

ONE   YEAII'H   EXI'Ey'ES   AKD   RETUHNS. 

The  cost  of  keeping  the  cow  fiom  November  first,  1877,  to 
June  first,  1878,  wus  as  follows  : 

ISO  pounds  (>;  Indliiii  Meal,  nt  91  40 $  2  10 

m)     "       8Iilp  StulT,  lit,  «il  :I5 S  18 

IW)      "        Oil  .Meul,  lit  1*1  :«) I  83 

4U0      "        Koots,  at  *8  IX)  ,H!r  ton 18  86 

S.m      "        llay.atrJO WW 

1  peck  Salt....-  • ...•■    088 

t59  7(J 
The  cost  from  .T'lno  first  to  November  first,  1878,  was  as  follows : 

irhlO  pounds  of  Kay,  at  120 »15  ;!0 

•Jas      "        OH  niciil.  at  •!  ao  8  93 

470      "        Brttn,at|ia5 «  88 

Salt 025 

««^'^""' -i^  taflja 

Making  a  total  cost  of $86  00 

for  the  year,  counting  notbmg  for  the  garden  truck  consumed 
during  the  summer  and  autumn.  This,  with  the  exception  of  tho 
com  stalks,  would  have  been  consigned  to  the  compost  heap,  had 
she  not  eaten  It,  so  that  its  only  value  to  me  was  its  value  for  com- 
post. But  allowing  that  for  the  purfiosc  of  feed  it  was  equal  in 
value  to  its  equivalent  in  hay,  and  that  my  winter  ration  of  hay  had 
been  continued  through  the  year,  her  total  cost  of  keepinfs  would 
have  been,  in  round  numbers,  one  hundred  and  four  dollars. 

In  the  roots  fed  to  her  during  tho  winter,  were  included  the 
waste  and  parings  of  vegetables  used  m  a  family  of  ten  persons, 


114 


KKKI'INd    «)Ni:  «  «)VV. 


wlilcli  VIM  mtmdhntn  no  InfonHldcriibli'  item;  Tlicw  wt^iwnlwtty« 
llirown  Into  lln;  ft»(l  iHwkii,  iind Jimt  cniMi«h  friith  ri»)t«  »ll(c.l  lu 
iiiiiki!  tlif  ri'(|uln'il  wt'l^jht.  After  ilio  r««»l»  ilort-d  In  the  nllor 
wrro  I'xImuHic'd  n<i  iicioiint  wii«  iimilc  of  thU  lifin.  I  niukn  tliU 
KtaU'iiu'iit  Himply  to  nhow  tliut  every  Item  of  fecil  wan  enlereil  ut 
Km  full  value,  lolo  tlio  v.mt  of  tlie  keeping. 

Now  for  the  other  iildo.    Although  the  cow  vtm  (julto  thin  when 
1  hought  her.  yet  under  thin  nynlfMU  of  ean^  and  feeding,  nho  wan 
eHllmuted  to  liavo  gained  two  huntlred  pouniN  In  weight  liy  tho 
time  Mho  calved,  on  the  ttftoenth  of  April,  IM78.  and  of  thin  weight 
•hu  had  not  lont  moro  than  Kcvenly-flve  pounds  at  tho  end  of  tho 
year,  N<ivend)er  flrnt.     When  I  bought  her  whe  was  repriMenled  ai 
yhlding  three  (pinrtHof  milk  per  day.    llir  yield  of  ndlk  weighed 
on  the  flr«t  day  cxoetly  five  and  three-quarter  iwiundH.    At  tho 
end  of  three  week*,  It  had  Increased  to  elcTen  pourulB  per  day.  and 
continued  at  this  flguro  with  Bcarcely  any  InU-rruptUm  until  tha 
flrnl  of  February.    It  then  rapidly  fell  off,  until  by  tho  twcnty-flfth 
of  that  month,  Hho  yielded  only  »ovcn  pound*  per  day.    I  then 
commenced  ndlking  her  once  a  day,  and  the  milking  on  the  fourth 
day  after  weighed  only  four  and  a  half  pound*.     1  contmucd 
milking  her  until  tho  fifteenth  of    March,  when  I  stopped,  tha 
weight  of  tho  last  milking  being  only  one  and  three-quarter  pounds. 
On  tho  tenth  ov  April  she  cn'vcd.    I  let  hor  calf  suckle  her  until  It 
was  four  weeks  old,  when  it  was  sold  for  veal.    On  the  seventh  of 
May  her  yield  of  milk  was  twenty-two  pounds.    It  averaged  aliout 
that  figure  until  «ha  got  a  full  fco  l  of  pea  vines  In  June,  when  it 
ran  up  as  high  as  twcnty-scvon  pounds.    In  July  It  fell  off  scmie, 
and  continued  to  run  from  twenty  to  twenty-three  pounds  until 
the  middle  of  August.    It  then  gradually  diminished  to  tlie  llrst  of 
November,  at  whleli  time  she   was  yielding  thirteen  pounds  of 
milk  per  day.     I  flmi,  by  rcfcning  to  my  diary,  that  her  total 
yield  of  milk  from  the  time  I  purchased  her  until  she  calved,  was 
one  thousand  and  sixty-seven  pounds,  equal  to  four  hundred  and 
eighty-four  quarts,  reckoning  thirty-four  ounces  to  tho  quart. 
Milk  was  then  selling.  In  this  vicinity,  at  six  cents  i)cr  (ptart,  mak- 
ing a  value  of  twenty-six  dollars  and  four  cents. 

From  the  time  she  calved  until  the  flrHt  of  November,  her  total 
yield  of  milk  was  three  thousand  seven  hundred  and  seventy-seven 
poun<l8,  equal  to  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  seventy-seven 
quarts,  at  five  cents,  eighty -eight  dollars  and  eighty-five  cents; 
sale  of  calf,  six  dollars  and  fifty-cents;  making  a  net  profit  of 
seventeen  dollars   and  thirty-nine  cents,  to  say  nothing  of  tho 


KKKt>mi>   ONK  CUW. 


Tlirsr  w.^rrnlwayn 
fri'tli  rontu  ullcfil  Id 
Dtori'd  In  tlio  (-lUur 

I  lirin.  I  niitkn  tliU 
fccil  wn»  fnltrcil  iit 

wan  quite  tliln  nlirn 
kI  f<>«'(llnj?,  hIio  will* 
lis  In  wi-lt(lit  liy  tJK! 
I,  und  of  tlilii  Wright 
iIh  lit  tlu)  i-nil  of  f  ho 
1!  was  r<i>ri'Mi>nti'(l  ua 
icid  of  milk  wclglK'd 
Ur  iMumU.  At  the 
(loundit  |>cr  day,  and 
lU-rruptlon  until  tlio 

II  by  tho  twcnty-flfth 
Ida  per  day.  1 1  lien 
diking  on  the  fourth 
uiuIk.  I  continued 
when  I  sloppod,  tho 
hrce-(iuartcr  pounds, 
ilf  suckle  her  until  it 

On  the  fteventh  of 
8.  ItavcrsKt^daliout 
nc8  In  June,  when  It 
July  It  fell  off  Bomo, 
,y-threo  pounds  until 
Inlshcd  to  the  flrat  of 
icj  thirteen  pounds  of 
diiiry,  that  her  total 
until  she  colved,  was 
o  four  hundred  and 
lunccfl  to  tho  quart. 
;ent8  \kt  (luart,  niak- 

itB. 

November,  her  total 
red  and  seventy-seven 
•ed  and  seventy  •hcvoii 
and  cigbty-flve  cents; 
iklng  a  net  profit  of 
>  say  nothing  of  tho 


growth  of  the  row,  or  tho  vnliic  of  her  mnnure,  whkh  woa  an  am* 
pie  cotniM'nNatloii  for  the  care  of  keeping. 

ilud  I  enllmtitcd  the  vuliie  of  her  milk  at  tlic  retail  price,  I 
Nhould  nild  oii<<  cent  |H'r  (|iiiirt  for  HUiiinier,  und  two  c'ciiIa  per 
quart  for  wlnlcr.  Tlie  next  year  thU  muw  tow,  with  the  IncreuMD 
of  the  cfpiivalcnt  of  out-  und  a  huif  poundM  of  miul  per  day,  tu 
iillow  for  her  liurenMed  growth,  und  a  Mllglii  deviation  In  the  mat- 
ter of  feed  during  tlie  auiiimer,  whereby  she  obtained  more  green 
fo(Ml,  of  whieli  1  ahull  apeali  lieretifur,  iuereaaed  her  profit  ulmoat 
forty  iKf  cent. 

OAUOET. 

Of  one  thing  I  urn  very  careful,  und  that  la,  not  Ui  allow  tho  In- 
flowing milk,  previoiiN  to  culving,  to  burden  In  tac  udder,  and  in 
all  my  long  ex|)erience,  in  owning  cowa,  I  have  never  hud  a  ease  of 
garget.  When  I  was  a  boy  alKiiit  twelve  yeara  of  age,  my  father 
purehuaed  a  very  large  milker  for  those  days.  I  nivtieed  that  the 
right  hind  quarter  of  Iter  udder  waa  mueh  ainaller  tluin  the  olher, 
and  yielded  a  correM|Mmdlngly  leaa  ({uantity  of  milk.  After  aho 
had  been  dried  off,  and  the  time  appronchcd  for  Iter  to  calve,  T 
obaerved  that  this  aumo  quarter  of  her  udder  became  very  m'jcU 
more  distended  than  tlio  othrra.  Her  whole  udder  was  very  much 
distended,  but  thia  qu'  rlcr  excessively  so.  As  her  period  of  calv- 
ing waa  delayed,  ami  lier  udder  becume  more  Inttamed,  pnxlucing, 
evidently,  great  pain  to  tho  cow ,  I  oakcil  the  privilege  of  milk- 
ing her,  and  wna  denied.  At  tho  same  time  I  was  given  to 
understand  that  it  wus  tho  worst  possible  thing  that  could  bo 
done  for  the  cow ;  that  it  was  ncceaaury  tliut  her  udder  aiiouid 
become  thua  distended,  In  order  to  give  it  tho  capoclty  to  contain 
the  flow  of  milk  after  calving;  that  should  she  t)c  milked  before 
calving,  tho  yield  after  colving  would  be  very  much  lessened,  etc. 
By  the  time  she  calved,  her  udder  was  ono  Indurated  masa,  and 
that  particular  quarter  of  It  so  much  Inflamed  that  she  could  not 
liear  to  hove  tho  calf  touch  It.  In  tho  course  of  time,  however,  by 
copious  applications  of  cold  water,  and  various  liniments,  tho  in- 
flammation was  reduced,  but  that  particular  section  of  the  udder, 
which  had  lieen  sufflciently  distended  to  bold  her  whole  yield,  wus 
ahrunkcn  to  its  old  dimenaiona,  and  waa  no  larger  than  when  I 
first  saw  her.  When  the  time  approached  for  her  to  drop  her  next 
culf,  I  took  tho  responalbility  of  clandestinely  milking  her,  so  that 
when  she  calved  there  was  no  Inflamed  udder,  there  waa  no  fussing 
with  liniments.  Its  four  quarters  were  now  evenly  developed ;  tho 
only  difference  was  tho  former  ahrunkcn  quarter  waa  larger,  if 


ft 


tif  tiniMU  UMI  cow. 

nnyililiiK,  lhi»n  tht>  othrni,  nm!,  thwniKhmU  the  umMan,  th«'yklu  of 
milk,  from  tlio  Mmi-  k<.plntf,  ^m  <»>Mmliilly  Itur  -^1  ovft  (Ur 
jlfl.l  of  llu-  iirerloiM  yrttr  I  iifvr.  «ll»«lo»«'.l  llii>  M»rH,  liownrfr, 
until  I  wiiH  Krown  up  llul  I  m  i|ulr«Ml  u  v.ry  mm-M  Ip«m  «.  wlilcli 
I  aii|illi'<l  In  my  prw  tl«<>  l«>n«  Ixf""-  tlio  tln.ir«'  ihal  U  wn»  Im'.i  i<> 
milk  mow  |ir«viou:«  Co  culvliig  wu»  gcncr,.  uUoiHed  by  owbcw 
uruuiiU  IMV. 

TETIIERINU. 

X  profrmilonal  fricml  of  mlno  Ik  tlio  owner  of  thrrn  honM  ftnd 
two  lm|M»ri.a  cowi,  nil  of  wlii.b  an'  kcpl  In  vtry  IiIkIi  .oii.lUUm. 
IK- InforniB  mo  Ui»r  for  wvi  ral  ytnm,  wUli  ilui  rxirpllon  uf  one 
year,  two  nntl  one  half  n«rt«  of  land  Uavo  fumlilicd  ull  llu-  hay 
con»umi<|  ».y  tlm  fiv.i  anlnial«,  together  with  pasturagB  for  one 
row  ;  Uio  oi.u-r  row  Ixhig  dry  »lur!iin  the  •umm.-r,  h  pantun-d  in 
the  country.     IIU  Iniul  in  imlurully  «oo<l  gnwn  land,  ImIii«  molid, 
well  drained,  and  |K'rfeetly  Kuiooth.    The  uppuratuf*  for  leihering 
klH  eow,  when  at  piwturo,  cmnlitii  of  a  itole  or  JoM,  the  nhort  end 
of  whleh  lii  welghtwl,  Hwlveled  on  an  Iron  upright,  standing,  when 
In  iMwlllon,  alK)ut  four  feet  ahor.  ihegrcmnd,  gWlngthc  appnratua 
the  appearance  of  a  model  of  an  old-faKhloned  well  »weep.     The 
halter  being  attat^hed  to  the  upp«r  end,  U  alw.iy*  above  her  back 
while  feeding.     Tlii*  arrangement  nllowii  the  eow  the  range  of  a 
circuit  thirty  feet  in  diameter.    The  upright  It  remove.!  to  the  arc 
of  the  elnle  at  morning  and  noon.     In  thia  manner  nhe  inivenwa 
tiie  length  of  tiio  lot,  four  hun.ire<l  fct,  In  fourteen  days,  when 
she  U  brought  back  to  the  atartlng  |H.lnt,  to  rejieat  Uie  Journey 
again.     In  tliU  manner,  twelve  thouaand  feet  of  land  U  made  to 
furnUh  paaturago  for  one  cow  during  the  entire  numrner,  and  l»c- 
Hidea  thla,  .he  hna  no  feed  whatever.    The  eow  U  alwaya  In  good 
condition,  and  U      rou- '1  never  appeara  very  clo«!ly  eropi)ed,  and 
I  have  no  doubv  ii»..l  v-  w.  tf.o  n-strlet.'d  to  one  quarter  of  an  acre, 
Often  thouaand  oli;h.  ■••r'^.Hdand  nlnn  /  f '  :l,»he  would  itiil  bo 
better  fed  Ihar     cmi  ,.>*«  i   »l  arc  nt  paaiure.    The  droppings  of 
the  cow  arc  dally  remoTcd  from  thla  range,  ao  that  nho  alwaya 
haa  a  clean  feeding  ground.    All  the  manure  made  by  the  live 
tmimals  la  annually  returnetl  to  thla  lot,  and,  in  a<ldlllon.  tl-  owner 
Informs  me,  once  la  three  years  he  glvea  It  o  dreaalug  of  a  ton  of 
ground  bone. 

PEARL  MILLET. 

After  reading  of  Mr.  Peter  Henderson's  experiment  with  Pearl 
Millet,  as  described  in  the  "  American  Agriculturist,"  I  deter- 


tr* 


0%%  cow. 


117 


■ciMnn,  tin'  J  Iflu  cif 

liur   ■  «'il  over  liu' 

'•  rrl,  liKWfvrr, 

,1  |('ii.<  '.  whU'li 

I  hat  It  wiiH  iM'Ht  Id 

iii'.uiMeil  by  uwnvn 


»f  Ihrrn  honM  and 
cry  IiIkIi  coixllUiin. 
Ii«  rxirpllon  ipf  on«i 
irnlilx-d  III!  tlio  Imy 

IMwturfigi*  for  ono 
iiiir,  h  paMturftl  in 
m  land,  Mun  nuMi, 
iirntuK  for  ii'ihrrlnK 
Jdlht,  Uip  MiKirt  end 
Iglit,  RtantlliiK,  whrn 
(IvItiK  tlio  npimrutUM 
1  well  Hwerp.     Tin) 
«y«  ulmvfi  her  bocic 
cow  tlitt  ranRo  uf  « 
I  ri'movcd  to  Hip  arc 
lanncr  nhc  inivornea 
fmirti'on  dayit,  when 
I  reiicat  UicJ"""><'y 
t  of  land  li  made  to 
Ire  iummtT,  and  Itc- 
w  \»  alwayH  In  good 

duaely  rrop|)cd,  and 
le  quarter  of  an  acre, 
t,  aliu  would  Btlll  bo 
!.  Thn  dr<jpping»  of 
,  m  that  hIio  alwaya 
iro  made  by  the  five 
n  addition,  tl-"  owner 
i  drcHHliig  of  a  ton  of 


(pcriment  with  Pearl 
iriculturiBt,"  I  doter- 


nilnc.l  1.1  inaUo  atrial  with  It  my^lf.  A«  .ordlnuly,  l««i  yrar.  I 
»)w<d  uii  un«  of  .l^htrHi  -qii'if  r. d.  wlili  It.  In  drill  fourl..  n 
lai'hi'*  upiiri  i  »\\  r«d«  w.ri'  -<t  niurt  to  '.unit  and  drU-d  forfod.lt  r. 
Till-  pr.Mlii.i  of  ilii-  oth.r  lA'U.  rod*  vii«  U<\  jjnrn.  On  Iho 
twcnll.ih  of  June,  i»  monih  ufur  .owlnif,  ihi- jtntwth  miiKind 
alM.ul  Ihrmi  f.'.i  lu  hl^hl.  O.MhU  dul-  wi-  v-inmnxTd  cuUliiK 
U,  iin.l  f.'idlnx  to  thi'  .ow  nil  oUr  woul.l  nit,  i.Mi.-  uf  U  wUli  u 
uriatrr  iippar.-ni  r.lbli  (hull  any  olli.r  ur.rn  food  thiii  i;'<d  l..<ii 
kIv.  n  h<  r.  Tli<;  <  iiUiiiK  wu»  IliiWiid  un  th«'  Iwciily-llfth  of  July, 
on  which  diiy  tin'  luKt  cuillnn  iiuumtri'd  iilKMit  four  t-v\  In  hiijht. 
Till'  MTond  nililiiK  wiw  loniiiMUitd  on  tin'  iwiiUy^iv.nlh  of 
July,  and  tJnUlH-d  oa  the  twenty  mioiid  of  Xwnmt,  the  growth 
rtvcniRlnK  nearly  Ihn-e  and  u  half  f<Ht,  The  third  .uilliiK  wn* 
.  oniineni  .d  on  ih.-  iwi  nly  iliird  mid  llnUb-  .1  on  the  thirty  flrat  of 
Aii;{iiiit.  Tlif  urowth  wim  about  two  f.ri  iil  tin-  lH'!^liinln;?  of  the 
( iiltlna;,  but  not  more  than  leu  Incliti*  at  thr  fInUh.  The  fourth 
iind  la«t  cuttinn  waa  eoniineneed  on  th.-  aluetulli,  ami  llnWn «i  un 
the  twenty-tlmt  of  Hepteinber,  after  wlihli  the  ground  iipp<ur.d 
exhunted,  and  no  further  ijrowlh  waa  made.  Thetw.We  roda 
(  I  and  fell  nr'en  ylehh  i  feed  nuffleU-nt  for  aeventy-llve  day*, 
BMde  from  her  UMial  ration  of  bum  or  oil  iiieal.  while  tin-  [iroduet 
from  the  h  x  roda.  entand  fed  dry.  only  two  euttinR^  beln«  nimle. 
w;iH  Mufflilent  to  feed  luT  for  tliirtyfour  <lay^  nmkliiu  a  toiid  feed 
for  one  hundred  and  nine  dnyn,  fn.iii  eiy;lileen  rodn  of  urouiul;  at 
which  ratfl  it  would  rapiire  Mxty  and  one  quarter  ro.ls  of  ground 
to  furulab  forage  f<.r  a  ye.ir. 

AN   EXCKLLENT  COMPOST. 

The  only  atable  niannre  I  uhc  on  my  oropa  ia  that  made  by  my 
ROW.  All  my  othir  firtllix  ra  lU"  iirtillririliy  produced.  In  llio 
course  of  the  year.  In  pronccutin..?  my  rcgul  ir  busincHs.  I  r«nd(  i  mime 
two  hundred  thousand  pounds  of  tnllow.  Thla  ia  nil  done  by  I  ollli.R 
it  with  Hulphurlc  acid.  The  achl  nttackH  and  decompow  m  the  ani- 
mal tlaaue,  le  ivinic  the  rendere<l  tallow  lloatin'.?  on  Us  Hurfacc.  A 
|wrt  of  the  disKolvcd  anlnnl  tisHue.  together  with  the  boncw  ihiit 
ar-  Hometlmcg  amuRijled  In  with  tlic  rougli  fat,  sctllcH  to  the  botio  ;i 
of  llio  tanka,  and  «  part  remains  dissolved  In  the  acid.  Tins  spi  tU 
m  Kl,  together  with  the  deposit  In  the  bottom  of  the  tank?,  is  tlie 
source  of  nil  my  nitrogen,  except  wlinl  may  be  in  the  manure  from 
tlie  cow,  ns  well  as  a  jiortlon  of  my  pliosplioroim.  I  have  occiih'.on 
t'>  u«!  eonsidcMble  of  the  iKitaah  of  cor.imcrce  In  somh-  of  my 
manufactures.    For  my  land,  I  make  of  this  a  saturated  golution. 


i 


118 


KEEPING   ONE  COW. 


ond  then  dry  it,  by  stirring  into  it  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of 
ground  plaster  and  sifted  coul  aslies.  Tliis,  in  a  few  days,  becomes 
sulphate  of  potash,  lime,  and  coai  ashes,  at  least  I  Judge  that  it 
docs,  for  it  loses  all  its  causticity. 

In  preparing  my  fertilizers,  I  itix  tlio  product  of  my  tanks  with 
loam,  near  the  plucc  to  be  plimted ;  tliis.  in  the  spring,  is  dug  over 
and  mixed  with  the  manure  from  the  stable.  The  effect  of  this 
mixing  is  to  make  tlio  manure  vry  fine  in  a  very  short  time. 
After  plowing,  this  compost  is  spread  upon  the  land,  and  harrowed 
in.  I  then  follow  with  ground  bone,  which  costs  me,  delivered  at 
my  place,  bolted,  twcnty-flvc  dollars  per  ton,  at  the  rate  of  twelve 
hundred  pounds  to  the  acre,  and  with  the  potash  mixture,  at  the 
rate  of  two  hundred  and  forty  pounds  to  the  acre,  which  is  also 
liarrowed  in.  In  distributing  the  potash,  I  distribute  more  of  it 
where  I  intend  to  plant  peas  or  potatoes,  and  less  where  I  Intend  to 
plant  corn,  squaslies,  and  turnips.  In  dislriliuting  the  bone,  I  re- 
verse this.  It  is  on  a  light,  sandy  loam,  fertilized  in  this  manner, 
with  an  excess  of  nitrogen,  no  doubt,  that  I  expect,  the  coming 
summer,  to  raise  enough  feed  for  a  cow  on  less  than  half  an  aero 
of  ground.  The  land  on  which  my  experiment  was  tried  last  year 
was  a  turned  sod  that  had  had  no  manure  of  any  kind  for  more 
than  ten  years.  This  year  it  will  be  tried  on  land  that  was  ma- 
nured as  above  last  year. 


iil-i 


%  ^^'■^'d' 


KEEl'lXO  ONE  COW. 


110 


rc  of  equal  parts  of 

ifi'w  tltiys,  bL'coiiiL'H 
east  1  Judge  timt  it 

;t  of  my  tanks  with 
spring,  is  dug  over 
The  effect  of  tills 
u  very  short  time, 
land,  and  harrowed 
Its  me,  delivered  at 
t  the  rate  of  twelve 
^sh  mixture,  at  the 
acre,  which  la  also 
listributo  more  of  it 
88  where  I  intend  to 
uting  the  bone,  I  re- 
zed  in  this  manner, 
;  expect,  the  coming 
;f>s  than  half  an  acre 
it  was  tried  last  year 
f  any  kind  for  more 
load  that  was  ma- 


A    WOMAN'S    SUCCESS    AND    EXPEUIP]NCE. 

BT  MBS.  MABT  L.  TATLOR,  MOHTU  VERNON,  INDIANA. 

My  success  in  keeping  the  family  cow  is  mnli)ly  due  to  ihe 
superior  sense  of  that  anfuiul  in  coming  into  being  in  a  latitude 
where  a  cow  can  live  with  as  little  care  and  protection,  and  whero 
the  face  of  unplowed  and  unliurrowed  nature  furnishes  us  much 
food  for  her  as  any  other;  latitude  thirty-nine. 

My  cow  is  a  scrub— cost  twenty  dollars ;  had  her  calf  on  the 
fourteenth  of  February,  1879,  and  wo  complimented  the  suiiit  on 
whoso  day  she  came  by  calling  her  Valentine. 

now    WE    MANAGED   TUE    CALF. 

I  put  the  calf  In  a  pen  made  in  the  fence  corner  and  covered 
with  a  few  old  boards,  and  let  the  cow  ia  to  her  every  night — first 
taking  from  the  cow  what  milk  we  needed  for  our  family  of  four 
persons.  I  left  her  with  the  calf  all  night,  and  in  the  momin/;{ 
milked  what  the  calf  had  left  for  me.  This  was  not  much  after 
the  first  two  weeks,  and  after  two  more  weeks  I  only  wasted  my 
time  at  milking  in  the  morning.  I  parted  witli  the  calf  at  three 
months  old  for  eight  dollars,  and  laid  this  sum  by  as  my  capital  to 
draw  against  for  the  cow's  winter  keeping. 

My  farm  is  lialf  an  acre  in  extent,  and  all  of  it,  except  the  space 
occupied  by  the  cottage  and  a  small  garden,  is  lawn,  and  is  well  set 
in  Blue-grass,  with  a  spriukling  of  Orchard-grass. 

8UMMEB    MANAGEMENT. 

I  sold  my  lawn  mower  and  put  a  short  ropo  around  my  cow's 
horns.  To  this  I  fastened  the  chain  of  an  old  chain-pump.  The 
pump  had  served  Its  day,  and  was  now  laid  aside.  This  old 
pump-chain  was  about  sixteen  feet  long,  and  through  the  end  of 
it  I  stuck  an  old  iron  garden  stakn  into  the  ground,  and  staked 
my  cow  out  ot<  the  lawn.  In  the  chain  I  put  rings  one  yard  apart, 
and  by  running  my  garden  stake  through  a  ring  nearer  or  farther 
from  tbo  rope  around  the  cow's  boms,  I  could  give  her  a  larger 
or  smaller  circle  to  graze  on,  and  so  let  her  eat  very  near  to  ever- 
greens and  other  shrubbery  without  danger  of  having  them  in- 
jured. She  pulled  up  the  stake  several  times  at  first,  but  the 
remedy  for  this  came  of  itself.  In  my  desire  to  make  her  very 
secure,  I  had  tied  th*"  '>pe  around  her  horns  too  tightly  and  made 
her  head  sore.    She  ceased  pulling,  and  though  her  head  soon  got 


120 


KKUPINO   ONE  COW. 


well,  i)he  has  ncTcr  since  pulled  up  the  stake ;  bo  that  my  mistake 
in  fuHlening  the  rope,  though  it  tauscil  me  solf-reproaclics  at  the 
time,  really  proved  a  blessing  in  tlic  end,  for  had  she  formed  the 
habit  of  pulling  the  stake  up,  1  should  have  »)een  forced  to  dis- 
continue slaking  her  out  for  fear  of  her  destroying  the  shrubbery. 
My  cow  seems  to  have  a  spite  at  shrubbery  proportioned  to  its 
beauty,  and  this  spite  seems  inteusiflcd  against  such  plants  us  she 
cannot  cat.  A  young  cedar,  foi  instance,  slio  will  never  pass  witli- 
out  trying  to  demolish  it  with  her  horns.  By  means  of  the  rings 
in  my  chain,  I  could  stake  her  so  that  she  could  oat  up  to  the  edge 
of  an  evergreen  without  being  able  to  touch  it  with  her  horns,  and 
I  found  tlie  horns  the  only  part  that  tlio  shrubbery  had  to  fear,  for 
she  never  yet  has  tried  to  destroy  anything  with  her  heels. 

My  lawn,  under  the  care  of  this  now  one-cow  lawn-mower,  i)e- 
camc  the  admiration  and  envy  of  the  whole  neighborhood.  The 
chickens  followed  her  and  scattered  her  droppings,  so  that  tho 
lawn  was  always  clean.  I  found  it  a  great  improvement  on  tho 
oUl  hand  lawn-mower,  and  much  less  labor,  for  the  staking  out 
was  far  less  trouble  than  running  the  mower.  Besides,  I  sold  tho 
old  machine  for  almost  half  the  price  I  paid  for  the  cow.  But, 
strange  as  it  seems  to  me  now,  I  at  first  felt  a  little  ashamed  of  my 
new  mower,  for  I  got  in  tlic  practice  of  staking  the  cow  oa  tho 
front  lawn  at  night,  and  moving  her  to  tho  back  lawn  early  in  tho 
morning. 

She  did  her  work  so  silently  in  the  darkness  that  my  neighbors 
wondered  much  that  in  eo  well-kept  a  lawn  they  never  heard  tho 
click  of  tho  lawn-mower. 

We  have  no  storms  in  tho  summer  in  this  latitude  from  which 
a  cow  needs  any  more  protection  than  a  tree  affords.  When  it 
rained  I  milked  her  under  the  shelter  of  a  beech. 

In  June,  I  rented  a  one-quarter  aero  lot  for  two  dollars,  and  for 
one  dollar  hUud  it  plowed  and  laid  off  in  furrows  a  little  over  two 
feet  apart.  In  these  furrows  I  dropped  com,  the  grains  two  1o 
four  inch28  apart.  I  hired  it  plowed  once  with  a  shovel  plow. 
This  cost  seventy-five  cents.  At  the  first  frost,  I  had  it  cut  and 
put  up  in  small  shocks.  A  woman  that  does  washing  for  me,  and 
occasionally  chores  about  the  house,  did  this  at  forty  cents  a  day. 
She  was  several  days  at  it,  but  during  the  time  performed  other 
work  about  llie  house.  I  think  slio  spent  about  two  solid  days  on 
it.  Tliis  corn-fodder,  with  few  large  ears  on  it,  but  a  great  many 
nubbhis,  made  my  fodder  and  grain  for  the  cow  for  the  winter. 
Later  in  tho  fall,  when  the  corn-stalks  were  thoroughly  cared,  I 


KEEPING   ONE  COW. 


nt 


BO  that  my  mistake 
If-reproaelics  at  the 
ml  she  formed  tlio 
been  forced  to  dis- 
cing tlio  shrubbery, 
proportioned  to  its 
,  8ueh  plants  us  slie 
vill  never  passwilli- 
incaoB  of  the  rings 
il  oat  up  to  the  edge 
with  her  horns,  and 
bery  had  to  fear,  for 
,h  her  heels, 
iw  lawn-mower,  be- 
aclghborhood.  Tlio 
nppings,  80  that  tho 
mproveraent  on  tho 
for  the  staking  out 
Besides,  I  Bold  the 
1  for  the  cow.  But, 
little  ashamed  of  my 
Ing  tho  cow  on  tho 
Ek  lawn  early  In  tho 

I  that  my  neighbors 
ley  never  heard  tl>o 

latitude  from  which 
>o  affords.  When  it 
!ch. 

two  dollars,  ond  for 
0W8  a  little  over  two 
n,  the  grains  two  lo 
with  a  shovel  plow, 
rost,  I  had  it  cut  and 
washing  for  me,  and 
at  forty  cents  a  day. 
mo  performed  other 
mt  two  solid  days  on 
it,  but  a  great  many 
■  cow  for  the  winter, 
thoroughly  cured,  I 


had  them  placed  &-  'nst  poles  set  on  crotches  around  the  place 
where  the  cow  was  sheltered  during  tho  winter.  Tho  stalks  were 
loaned  against  tho  poles  from  both  Rides,  and  made  a  sloping  roof 
both  ways,  so  uh  to  shed  snow  and  rain.  From  theso  poles  I  gave 
the  cow  an  armful  of  this  corn  and  fodder  night  and  morning,  and 
though  tho  snow  did  sometimes  lodge  on  them,  and  make  my 
mittens  cold,  I  could  generally  find  a  spot  on  one  side  or  the  other 
tliat  was  clear  of  snow.  This  work  of  putting  up  tho  fodder  for 
winter  use  cost  about  two  dollars. 

My  cow  had  been  used  to  "slops"  and  meal,  and  did  not  take 
kindly  to  whole  corn  at  first.  I  was  advised  to  husk  the  com,  and 
get  it  ground ;  but  by  feeding  her  a  few  small  or  broken,  or  soft 
cars  from  my  hand,  she  soon  became  eager  for  it,  and  has  learned 
to  grind  it  as  well  as  the  mill,  and  at  less  cost  of  going  to  and 
from,  to  say  nothing  of  tho  toll.  But  even  If  she  was  not  as  good 
a  com  crusher  as  the  mill-stones,  there  would  be  no  loss,  for  my 
fowls  follow  her  faithfully,  and  pick  up  every  broken  grain  that 
is  dropped ;  so  tho  miller's  toll  that  I  save  keeps  me  in  chickens 
and  eggs.  Now  that  the  cow  had  come  to  cat  whole  com,  I  was 
told  that  she  would  muss  over  the  fodder,  hunting  for  the  nubbins, 
and  waste  tho  stalks ;  but  by  sprinkling  a  little  brine  on  the  stalks 
when  she  becamo  dainty,  I  found  I  could  make  her  eat  them  as 
closely  as  was  desirable. 

A  WINTEE  8HELTEU. 

I  had  no  stable.  The  cow  stood  out  in  nil  the  storms  until  late 
in  December.  The  hair  grow  very  thick,  almost  like  a  buffalo 
robo,  and  she  did  not  seem  to  mind  the  cold.  There  was  an  old 
chicken  house  on  tho  place,  standing  on  posts  about  five  feet  high. 
It  was  in  a  hollow,  and  was  sheltered  by  evergreens  on  the  north 
and  west  As  I  pulled  up  her  stake  one  night  la  a  drlzzlo  to  let 
her  go  under  the  tree  where  I  milked  her,  she  started  on  the  gallop 
for  this  houBc,  and  from  that  time  it  was  her  winter  couch.  There 
I  milked  and  fed  her.  I  tied  the  chahi  around  one  of  the  comer 
poets,  BO  as  to  leave  her  the  choice  of  the  shelter  of  the  building 
or  of  exposure  to  the  storm  at  her  discretion,  and  I  must  say  that 
she  often  surprised  mo  by  seeming  as  fond  js  a  child  of  standing 
out  In  the  rain.  Under  this  coop  I  fed  her  fodder;  the  stalks  she 
left,  littered  down  her  bed,  and  I  had  more  manure  in  the  spring 
than  I  had  ever  had  before.  A  boy  spread  it  from  a  wheelbarrow 
at  twenty-five  cents  a  day.  The  spring  before  I  paid  fifty  cents  a 
load  for  the  ipannre,  and  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents  a  day  for  the 
hauling. 
6 


pn 


4ka 


10>> 


KEEPINO   ONE  COW. 


ABOUT  SALTING. 

I  never  fed  the  cow  ony  salt  for  health  during  the  Bummcr,  liut 
Bhc  kept  healthy  and  the  butter  came.  In  the  fall,  I  hcf^txn  fecd- 
Inir  her  the  house  slops,  night  and  morning,  and  when  she  did  not 
eat  them  freely  I  put  a  liUle  salt  in.  When  I  thought  she  was  not 
eating  her  fodder  up  clean  enough,  I  would  sprinkle  on  a  littlo 
brine  with  an  old  broom.  I  never  fed  salt  for  her  good,  but  some- 
times for  mine.  In  the  fall,  when  I  wanted  her  to  eat  up  weeds 
Iwfore  they  went  to  seed,  I  used  occasionally  to  sprinkle  with 
bnne  such  spots  ap  I  wanted  eaten  off  closely.  I  never  could 
make  my  old  lawn-mower  cut  off  weeds  any  closer  than  grass,  but 
this  new  lawn-mower  would  eat  these  weed  patches  Jo  the  collars 

of  the  roots. 

My  cow  became  used  to  this  kind  of  life,  makes  me  no  trouble, 
has  furt>ished  the  milk  and  butter  for  oui  family  of  four  the  whole 
year,  and  some  butter  to  send  to  my  friends,  and  a  little  to  selL  I 
Lave  fodder  enough  from  my  quarter  acre  to  keep  her  until  grass  is 
abundant,  and  have  one  dollar  and  twenty  cento  of  the  price  of  my 
calf  still  on  hand. 

I  might  go  on  and  tell  you  how  I  used  to  buy  hay  at  a  high 
price  for  wintering  my  cow,  and  quantities  of  bran,  brewers'  grams 
and  corn-meal ;  how  the  hay  always  made  her  costive  and  hide- 
bound, and  how  she  never  ate  it  with  half  the  relish  which  she 
does  the  corn  fodder ;  how  I  found  it  an  unladylike  act  to  raise  my 
foot  and  force  the  garden  stake  into  the  ground,  and  so  contrived 
&  smaller  iron  that  I  could  more  gracefully  plant,  and  that  no  un- 
ruly cow  ever  could  pull  up ;  how  with  this  new  stake  I  can  safely 
leave  her  on  the  lawn  all  uight  with  the  fullest  confidence  of  find- 
ing her  in  the  morning  just  where  I  left  her^  how  when  at  first 
the  cow  got  loose  and  wandered  to  the  garden,  I  discovered  thai 
the  taste  of  the  butter  was  disagreeably  affected  by  her  eating 
certain  herbs,  and  how  it  was  very  pleasantly  flavored  by  others ; 
how  I  am  culttvatmg  these  herbs  to  make  the  sweetest  and  most 
golden  butter ;  how— but  dear  me  I  for  a  one-cow  story  it  is  ahready 
too  long. 


iiMMIMMM 


4ka 


the  Rummcr,  Init 
all,  I  bc>;an  fi'cil- 
^hen  kIic  ilul  not 
light  Hho  WH8  not 
rinklo  on  a  little 
r  Rood,  but  sotne- 
•  to  cut  up  weeds 
to  Bprinklc  with 
I  never  could 
er  than  grass,  but 
hes  (o  the  collars 

C8  me  no  trouble, 
of  four  the  whole 
a  little  to  selL  I 
her  until  grass  is 
of  the  price  of  my 

juy  hay  at  a  high 
in,  brewers' grams 
costive  and  hidc- 

relish  which  she 
ikc  act  to  raise  my 
,  and  S3  contrived 
t,  and  that  no  un- 

stnke  I  can  safely 
confidence  of  find- 
how  when  at  first 
,  I  discovered  thai 
ted  by  her  eating 
ivored  by  others; 
iwectest  and  most 
V  story  It  is  already 


KliKl'INO   OXli  COW. 


ia5 


UNDERDRAINING  AND  CAHK  OF  MANURE. 

UT  II.    II.   HALL,  MEW  OULEANH,   LA. 

Let  US  locate  one  acre  of  land  on  the  thirty-plglith  degree  of 
north  latltiido,  midway  across  the  continent,  say  near  tlic  City  of 
St.  Louis,  Wliilc  under  tlio  IntcnHivo  «yHtem  of  cultivation  whicli 
will  iMJ  pursued,  less  land  tlian  one  acre  will  ultimately  be  found 
Bufllcionl  to  supply  the  wants  of  one  cow,  it  would  not  ho  advis- 
able lo  begin  with  a  less  quantity.  That  one  aero  is  sulTlcicnt  is 
opposed  lo  tlic  general  opinion,  as  witness  the  assertion  of  Mr. 
Seliull,  of  Little  Fulls,  N.  Y.,  that  the  land  in  pasturage  and  hoy, 
requisite  for  the  support  of  one  cow,  is  three  acres,  and  tliia  accords 
with  Iho  estliKate  of  Mr.  Carriiigton  for  moderately  good  doiry 
funn&  in  England.  Colman  sajs :  Three  acres  are  required  for  a 
cow  In  Berkslro  Co.,  Mass.  Mr.  Farrington,  in  the  Report 
of  the  American  Dairymen's  Association  says,  four;  while 
Mr.  X.  A.  AVillard  thinks  that  in  Herkimer  Co.,  N.  Y.,  one  and  a 
half  to  two  acres  will  pasture  one  cow,  and  that  in  some  excep- 
tional cases  one  acre  will  safflec. 

True  it  is  that  these  estimates  take  into  consideration  gross  and 
hay  solely,  onrt  the  treatment  of  the  land  is  presumed  to  be  that 
usually  pursued,  viz.:  scant  allowance  of  manure,  absence  of  sub- 
soil drainage,  and  consequently  shallow  cultivation. 

But  high  manuring  and  deep  cultivation  are  indispensable  in 
view,  viz.:  the  obtaining  the  greatest  quantity  of  dairy  food  from 
the  least  land.  And  high  cultivation,  implying  depth  of  soil,  tilth, 
porosity  and  aeration  is  impossible  without  subsoil  drainage ;  nor 
in  its  absence  does  manure  produce  its  best  effects.  It  is  foreign 
to  the  purpose  of  this  article  to  elucidate  the  action  of  tile  drain- 
ing upon  crops  and  soil.  The  lasting  and  great  benefit  of  the 
system  is,  to-day,  a  matter  of  such  plaiu  fact,  that  no  intelligent 
agriculturist  will  question  it. 

Therefore  we  begin  by  selecting  an  icre  of  land  which  affords  the 
best  facilities  for  laying  tilc-drainago  pipes.  An  easy  slope  with  a 
good,  open  outlet  into  ditch,  run,  or  gulch,  is  all  that  is  required 
The  advantages  of  a  sunny  exposure  ore  so  obvious  that,  if 
possible,  we  should  choose  land  which  trends  to  the  south  and 
east.  The  tile-draining  of  one  acre  will  necessitate  an  outlay  of 
about  twenty-five  dollars ;  but  this  expenditure  is  indispensable 
to  the  obtaining  of  the  best  results. 

THE    DUKQ    HEAP. 

Truly  did  the  German  agriculturist,  Schwcrz,  in  seeing  the  fer- 
tile streamlets  oozing  and  trickling  away  from  the  exposed  manure 


.   .» 


1^0 


KEEPINO   ONE  COW. 


piles  of  his  opinionated  countrymen,  dcnonlmato  the  dung  heap 
the  "  Pountalnhcad  of  Dcnedlctlon."  This,  like  other  blimlngs, 
may  but  loo  readily  be  perverted  In  Its  uses. 

Impressed  with  the  necessity  of  husbanding  every  part  and 
portion  of  this  substratum  of  good  agriculture,  we  choose  between 
two  distinct  methods  of  saving  and  ullUzlng  the  fluid  and  solid 
dejerta,  viz.:  the  dry  and  wet.  In  the  former  the  dj^^cta  are  com- 
mingled with  such  absorbenU  as  dry  earth,  leaves,  straw,  sawdust, 
etc. ;  in  the  latter,  they  are  received  in  a  tank  wlien*  they  are 
mixed  with  sufBclont  water  to  stay  loss  by  too  rapid  fermentation. 


fig.  24.— A  OOW  STABLB  WITH  MAMUUI  CILLAR. 

The  application  of  the  manure  under  either  method  is  respectively 
in  Its  dry  or  in  its  liquid  condition. 

If  the  dry  or  absorbent  method  bo  adopted,  it  will  be  found  ad- 
vantageous to  locate  the  stable  on  a  little  declivity,  so  as  to  secure 
a  manure  cellar  with  the  least  excavation. 

Thus,  in  fig.  24,  C  represents  a  manure  cellar  under  the  cow , 
with  a  door  at  K  for  removal  of  manure.  The  floor  and  walls,  to  a 
hight  of  two  feet,  of  this  cellar  should  be  cemented.  The  floor, 
on  which  the  cow  stands,  should  be  of  two-inch  oak  plank,  with  a 
gutter  behind,  and  a  trap  to  empty  the  contents  of  the  gutter  into 
the  cellar.  On  level  tracU  of  ground  the  Flemish  stable,  as  used 
in  parts  of  the  Brabant,  and  as  descrihod  in  the  following  plan  fig. 
25,  by  Felix  Villeroy  (Manuel  do  I'Eleveur  de  BiJtes,  a  Comes,  tt 
Ed.,  p.  63),  could  be  advantageously  used  for  one  cow.  In  figure 
25,  A  is  the  place  where  the  cow  stands ;  B,  Passage  for  dis- 
tributing food,  etc.;  C,  Depression  where  the  manure  is  allowed  to 
accumulate  behu'd  the  cow  j  D.  Cellar  for  roots ;  E,  Hayloft 


KKEPiyO   UNE  COW. 


Ml 


I  the  dung  heap 
other  bk'Miliit!*, 

every  port  ami 
choose  between 
fluid  and  solid 
dUjecta  are  com- 
,  Htraw,  gnwduat, 
wlien*  they  are 
lid  (crmcutatiua. 


ILLAR. 

}d  iH  respectively 

nil  be  found  ad- 
y,  BO  as  to  securo 

'  under  the  cow, 
or  and  walls,  to  a 
ited.  Tlie  floor, 
3ak  plank,  with  a 
»t  the  gutter  into 
sh  stable,  as  used 
)llowiQg  plan  fig 
i«^tc8,  ft  Comes,  U 
!  cow.  In  figure 
Passage  for  dis 
lure  is  allowed  to 
;  E,  Hay  loft 


In  this  plan  the  floor  A  and  ^' would  require  to  bo  flniHhrd  in 
bricii  and  cement,  or  concrete. 

The  warutli  of  the  titablo  uii^ht,  at  times,  develop  a  tco  rapid 
fcrnuotation  of  the  manure.  This  would  be  checked  by  working 
the  pile  and  by  forking  it  over. 

But  to  securo  i)erf('ct  cleanliness,  purity  of  air,  and  freedom  of  the 
hay  stored  above  from  the  odors  of  fermentation  going  on  in  the 


Fig.  26.~SI(CTI0NAL  VIBW  OF  HTAULK. 


dung  heap,  the  manure  would  bo  belter  placed  outside  of  the 
stable  walls,  as  suggested  in  figure  30  (see  next  page). 

The  bottom  of  the  manure  bm  is  only  twenty-  our  inches  below 
the  surface,  as  on  level  ground  the  labor  of  raising  the  manure 
from  a  deep  cellar  would  be  disproportionate  to  the  advuntoges 
of  the  depth.  The  floor  of  the  stall  should  be  laid  in  brick  and 
cement,  or  in  concrete,  as  should  be  the  floor  and  lower  walls  of 
the  manure  bin.  The  floor  of  the  stall  should  be  kept  covered 
with  dry  earth,  leaves,  sawdust,  or  spent  tan-bark;  ond  the  bottom 
of  the  bin  should  be  covered  to  the  depth  of  several  inches,  with 
similar  absorbents.  In  the  absence  of  •these  to-l)c- preferred  ma- 
terials, weeds,  straw,  or  other  dry  vegetiible  refuse,  may  bo  used. 
With  the  gutter  sufllciently  inclined,  the  excessive  urine  will  of 
itself  flow  readily  to  the  bin ;  the  solid  matter  should  be  removed 
twice  daily.  Just  before  the  cow  is  milked.  The  puttee  should  be 
woshcd  down  with  a  pail  of  water  daily,  and  sprinkled  with  py|)- 
8um  (sulphate  ot  lime).  The  manure  pile,  as  it  increases,  should 
Ihj  constantly  commingled  with  fresh  absorbents.  This  is  most 
readily  aad  economically  done  by  batting  a  pig  with  a  handful  ot 
maize  cast  on  the  manure  in  the  bin.    The  lusty  porker  will  go 


IM 


KKKPIN'U  ONI  COW. 


to  tbo  Imltotn  of  tlio  pile,  it  ncotl  bo,  for  each  gnin,  and  by  liU 
••iiiTKt'tlc  riNttInK  and  trnmplinjr,  will  dally  Incorporate  tlio  nm- 
tcriiiU  in  tlir  nioxl  llior«>ugh  niunncr. 

On  pa^i'  200  of  lioUMingiiult'*  Kural  Economy  (Law'M  Irnniiln- 
tlon)  art!  lomc  very  urgent  warning*  agatnat  the  fre(|UCDt  turning 
<if  dung  lii-a|Mi.  Ilia  objection,  Mr.  Law  thlnka,  iliould  bo  limited 
to  nioru  than  tlirvo  lurninga  of  tlio  dun^.  But  tliU  objection  and 
liniltutlon  apply  to  lioriK'  manure,  the  mon?  artlvo  fermenlali«»n  of 
which  rapidly  devclu|iN  tbo  highly  volatile  anit  known  aa  carlnm- 
utu  uf  ammuuiu.    Thviu  can  liurdly  bo  too  thorough  a  working 


^ 


MANURE    BIN 


vIO 


4^  x0 


ROOT    CELLAR 
0  >6 


1*1 


OISTCRN 


Fig.  90.— PLAN  or  BTABLa  WITB  GI8TBRN  AND  MANtTBE  Blir. 

together  of  cow-manure,  with  its  organic  absorbents,  particuUirlj 
when  the  working  is  accompanied  by  the  compacting  tread  of 
animals. 

The  pile  should  be  watched,  and  the  slightest  |>crception  of  the 
pungent  ummoniacal  odor  should  bo  the  signal  for  more  absorb- 
ents, bearing  in  mind  tliat  all  organic  matter  thuM  composted 
becomes  a  valuable  fertilizer,  and  remembering  that  nothing 
should  be  left  undone  to  increase  to  the  (greatest  extent  possible 
the  source  of  your  anticipated  I)les8ing8. 

The  manure  bin  should,  of  course,  be  so  covered  as  to  cxclnde 
rain  and  sunshine. 

If  the  liquid  or  dilute  method  bo  employed,  m  place  of  the 
manure  bin  in  the  plan,  U  will  be  necessary  to  construct  an  uu* 


{rein,  and  by  lii« 
'or|H)ratu  tliu  nm- 

y  (Law'h  IrnnNln- 
(re(|UCDt  turning 
iliould  bo  limited 
hit  objection  and 
D  fermcnintion  of 
mown  118  ('urlK)n- 
rough  a  working 


►  t 


OltTERN 


t 


MixuBi  nnr. 

Mnta,  particularly 
upacting  tread  of 

|>crccption  of  tlio 
for  more  abHorb- 
r  thuM  composted 
in;;  tliat  nothmg 
St  extent  possible 

red  09  to  cxclndo 

I,  m  placo  of  the 
construct  an  uu- 


KKKIMNO   oNK  VAt\f. 


Uf) 


derRmiinil  rrmmtml  tinl(  or  cUtprn,  wiy  of  a  depth  of  fight  fo»»t 
and  dlamolir  of  kIs  (o  Mtvcii  ff>ct  at  the  Ixitloin.  TliU  tunk  iiiiixt 
bo  prorldc  i  with  a  pump  for  raining  tlin  Oiilil,  the  tulio  of  wlilrU 
•hould  tcrininate  in  a  itrainrr  at  ali«>ut  twelve  inchen  fnim  tho 
bottom  of  thi<  tank.  An  o|>oDing  should  lie  left  In  die  top  of  the 
cii«t<Tn  for  lnii(M-ctlon,  and  for  the  imtcrlloa  of  u  |tro|MT  iinpUMiicnt 
to  stir  the  ncdimont.  The  pump  sliould  rln:?  sufBcienlly  liijrh  to 
permit  the  pumping  of  the  fluid  directly  int(»  a  tnnk  on  wlirt  h 
uiMHi  for  the  distrtbulion  thereof  in  the  fleicU.  A  condemncl 
watering  rart,  which  c<iuld  probably  Iw  purchaiwil  clwnoply, 
would  b«  on  cicciii-nt  InBtninifnt  for  \\\U  dUlrlbulhm.  Sulphate 
of  iron,  green  vitriol,  tiliould  bi)  freely  uwil  to  chiin^e  the  carlntn- 
ole  of  ommrinia  Into  the  Hulphato,  thereby  obtalulng  a  fixed, 
instead  of  a  highly  volatile  suit. 


|:jo 


KKKI'IMO   »>NK  «OW. 


•INO  A  COW  IN  A  VILLAOE  STABLE. 


■T  ORAHOB  *i'D»,  rtfiniiio,  L.  I. 

A  buMnoM  rann  of  Now  York,  llWn«  In  one  of  tl.o  n.  iKlilK^rlni; 
Tlllair.*,  lxln<  trnul.lo.l  to  get  r-mkI  milk  fory.Min«  tlill.lr.i.  In  hk 
fnn.lly.  l<K)k  our  ml»l.«  tlio  btUr  part  of  th«  winter  an.l.  «.  to 
■milk,  went  lot.,  tho  dairy  b.wln.-w  on  »iU  own  nc.ounl.  Tim  re 
Milt  will  1)0  ln»trucllvo  to  ten*  of  tliousanil*  of  funilllii*  In  cllle* 
un.l  vIlluRo*.  Ho  ho*  no  ponturo  grouniU,  tho  only  convrnlcnco 
iKlnir  a  nxnny  Htoll  In  a  carrlaRo  Imm.  with  opiK.rtunlty  for  tho 
cow  to  »«n  hrmclf  uml  take  llmlto.l  oxcrcUo  lu  a  »mall  urto,  my 
llfUfii  by  twenty  foot,  at  tho  sldo  of  tho  barn,  and  »hU  wiw  wldoni 
u»o«l  The  bUII  In  kept  dean  and  mat,  with  frouli  *truw  litter, 
und  tho  eow  haa  rcniolmil  In  oJtccUcnt  health  and  vl^or.  (;howln« 
Uor  cud  and  inanuf«oturln«  milk  acorn  to  glvo  nil  Iho  cxcnUo 
noodcil.  Ilor  (red  lius  been  Imlo  hay,  cut  In  a  small  hay-cutter, 
and  mU.-d  wot  with  corn-meal,  bran,  and  *hort»,  with  aomo  un- 
cooked |H)tat<)  paring.,  cabbogo  learea,  loft  over  rlco,  oatmeal,  etc., 
from  the  kitchtn. 

A  loborer  U  paid  ono  dollar  a  week  to  milk  and  feed  and  bnwh 
her  nlgbt  and  morning,  and  take  care  of  tho  ulablc,  and  he  la  al- 
lowtv.  any  cxccaa  of  milk  abo  gives  over  twcWc  quarts  a  doy.  Ho 
prepares  a  mc«i  for  her  noon  food,  which  U  given  by  ono  of  the 
boys  at  school  when  ho  comes  homo  to  lunch.  The  cow  is  a  grade, 
probably  three-fourths  Jersey  and  one-fourth  common  bloo<l.  llcr 
milk  is  rich,  yields  ubutdant  cream,  and,  as  tho  owner's  family 
•ay  "  li  worth  fully  doviblo  any  milk  wo  ever  got  from  the  best 
milk  dealers."  Ono  neighboring  family  gladly  Ukcs  six  quarts  a 
day  ot  seven  cents  a  quart,  and  would  willingly  pay  much  more  f 
It  were  asked,  and  other  families  would  bo  happy  to  get  some  of  t 
at  ten  cents  o  quart;  but  six  quarts  arc  kept  for  home  use,  and  It 
b  vnluetl  far  obove  seven  cents  a  (loart,  and  worth  more  than  that 
amount  In  tho  saving  of  butter  In  cooking,  making  puddhigs,  etc. 
So  It  is  0  very  low  estimate  to  call  the  whole  milk  worth  seven 
cents  a  quart  No  ono  could  deprive  our  business  friend  or  hla 
family  of  their  good,  homo  pro<luceti  milk,  If  It  c(Mt  ten  or  twdvo 
cento  a  quart.  An  accurate  account  Is  kept  of  the  feed ;  tho  raau 
Id  charge  ordore  at  the  feed  store  onything  l»o  dcsirea  for  tho  cow, 


•ym 


mPINM   (INK  (OW. 


•ml  It  In  nil  (liiwn  on  u  "  pniHi-lKMilt." 
himdrtMl  ilayt  piiMl : 


Hero  Utt  Um  flgtUM  (or  ona 


STABLE. 


tlio  n.  IglilKirlii^ 
K  cliililrfii  In  kin 
rlnttT  onil,  tM»  to 
•rouiil.  Tlio  re- 
runilllii*  In  cltlM 
miy  ronvi'iilonco 
[Hirtunlty  for  tlio 
(I  itmttll  urt-a,  itay 
I  thlit  wiu«  M'liloni 
rcHli  Htraw  litter, 
i  vlKor.  (;iiowlii« 
!  nil  tlio  cxcnUo 
iniall  liny-cutlcr, 
*,  with  aonio  un- 
ice,  ofttineal,  etc., 

il  feed  and  bnuU 
lilc,  and  he  Is  al- 
(untta  a  ilay.  Ho 
ren  by  ono  of  the 
lie  cow  te  a  grade, 
imon  bloo<l.  Her 
o  owncr'a  family 
;ot  from  the  beet 
akcR  six  quart!)  a 
pay  much  more  If 
T  to  get  Bome  of  it 
home  use,  and  It 
th  more  than  that 
ng  puddhigs,  etc. 
nllk  worth  seven 
IC8S  friend  or  hia 
coat  ten  or  twclTO 
be  feed ;  the  mau 
;<iirei»  for  the  cow, 


TIIK  COW'h    IIKHIT  and  CIIKDIT  I'Oll  ONK  IIUNDKEU  UAYH. 

Or. 

WMIIw.  Imlp  liny,  nt  ftj  iwr  ton ¥>  M 

l,l)Ul)ll>ii.  Com  M('i«l.nl|i|.a^|M>r  KMItM IS  BO 

401)  Um.  Hriiii,  ut  •(..'UlihT  KDI  lli« B  W 

aiM)  llm.  Viiw  Fr.Ml,  "Hliorti.,"  at  il.M  per  l(Wlb«. ..    U  10 

iWliiliKll r  li.>tl>UiiK  Mtntw,  at  lUu il  00 

I'liiil  iiinii  for  r*ri>  mnl  iiillkliii<,  |l  per  WMk. . .  ..MM 
TutuI  vipviiitM  fur  lUO  day* .14^  tt 

rv. 
1,200  qi:irtK  iif  bcDl  milk  (I'i  luart*  |><>r  day)  at  1o.,.JMOO 
Muncy  pruUl  lu  100  days TwTM 

Or,  to  put  It  In  nnotlior  way,  the  six  hundred  quarts  sold  actunlly 
brought  in  forty  two  (l»lliini  enith,  nn<l  tlin  entire  six  liundnd 
quurU  UHod  nt  homo  r<wt  flvo  dollan  luul  forty-flvc  rents.  Tlii» 
cow  cost,  say,  slxly-llvo  dolliint.  The  tntlro  care,  which  wan  not 
paid  in  the  surplus  of  milk  above  twelve  quarts  (Mirday,  Ik  charged 
in  the  expenses  above.  The  manuro  prmluccd.  If  sold,  would 
more  than  meet  Interest  on  the  cost  of  row,  niid  nny  depreclnllon  In 
value  by  Incrensing  age.  Allow  the  above  average  to  Iw  kept  up 
only  two  hundred  days  In  n  year,  and  nt  the  end  of  thr.t  time  »up- 
IKjao  the  cow  is  sold  for  half  price  (thirty-two  dollars  and  fifty 
cents),  and  a  frcah  ono  sulistltuted,  there  would  still  be  a  gidn  of 
forty  dollars  and  sixty  cents  for  two  hundred  days,  or  for  a  year  a 
profit  of  acvcnty-four  dollara  and  ten  cents. 

With  RomI  feed  tho  olity-flve  dollar  cow  will  keep  up  a  full 
•upply  of  milk  nt  leost  twenty-six  weeks,  and  then  bo  worth  forty 
dollars  for  continued  milking  and  breeding.  Sell  her  then  and  buy 
another  fresh  cow  for  slxty-flvo  dollars— a  loss  of  fifty  dollar*  a 
year.  The  above  liberal  allowance  of  forty-seven  dollars  and 
forty-flvo  cents  for  feed  and  care  one  hundred  days,  amounts  to 
one  hundred  and  sovonty-threo  dollara  and  nineteen  cents  n  year. 
Adding  tlio  loss  of  fifty  dollars  for  purchasing  two  fresh  cows, 
makes  tho  total  annual  expense  two  hundred  and  twcnty-thrco 
dollars  and  nineteen  cents.  This  would  make  the  supply  of  milk, 
twelve  quarts  a  day  (four  thousand  three  hundred  and  eighty 
quarts),  cost  about  flvo  ceuta  a  quart,  or  not  quite  fifty-one  cents 
for  ten  quarts.  This  is  not  an  exaggerated  estimate  for  a  sixty- 
flvc  dollar  cow,  renewed  every  twenty  six  w  ^iks.    Tho  feed  and 


132 


KEEPINO   ONE  COW. 


cnro  may  bo  very  much  less  than  the  above  forty-seven  dollure 
and  forty-flve  cenU  per  hundred  days,  by  saving  all  waste  foods 
•uUable  for  a  cow,  and  by  securing  pasturage  seven  or  iic;ht 
months,  and  cspecUilly  when  a  cow  can  be  cared  for  by  members 
of  the  family,  thus  saving  fifty-two  dollars  a  year.  Taking  the 
country  as  a  whole,  probably  fifty  dollars  will  ordinarily  buy  a 
cow  that  will,  on  fair  feed,  average  ten  to  twelve  quarts  per  day 
for  the  first  six  months  after  calving. 


PORTRAITS    OF    FAMOUS    DAIRY    COWS. 

I— Jersey  Cow  "  Eurotas,"  2454  {Frontitpieee),  owned  by  A.  B. 
Darling,  Ramsey's,  N.  J.  She  yielded  during  one  week  in  June, 
1870,  twenty-two  pounds  six  ounces  of  butter. 

II.— Ayrshire  cow  "Old  Creamer"  (page  28),  owned  by  8.  D. 
Huugerford,  Adams,  N.  Y.  Weight  one  tliousand  and  eighty 
pounds.  She  has  yielded  one  hundred  and  two-third  pounds  a 
day  for  three  days,  and  n.nety-four  pounds  a  day  for  the  month. 

III.— Jersey  cow  "  Rosalee,"  1216  (page  34),  owned  by  8.  G. 
Livermorc,  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa.  8he  has  given  twenty  quarts  of 
milk  a  day.  In  ten  cJays  in  June,  1874,  she  made  twenty-five 
pounds  three  ounces  of  butter. 

IV.— Guernsey  cow  and  heifer  (page  51),  owned  by  Mr.  Rendle, 
of  Catel  Parish,  Island  of  Guernsey. 

v.— Swiss  cow  "  Geneva  "  (page  67),  imported  by  D.  G.  Aldrieh, 
of  Worcester,  Mass.  She  gave  from  November  first,  1877,  to 
December  thirty-first,  1878,  ten  thousand  nine  hundred  and  five 
pounds  of  milk,  which  yielded  five  hundred  and  seventy-three 
pounds  of  butter. 

VI.— Dutch  (Holstein)  cow  "  Crown  Princess  "  (page  85),  im- 
ported by  Gerrit  8.  Miller,  of  Petcrboro',  N.  Y.  She  has  yielded 
thirty-four  quarts  of  milk  a  day,  and  averaged  twenty-three  quarts 
a  day  for  six  months. 

VII.— Shorthorn  dairy  cow  "Cold  Cream  4th"  (page  101), 
owned  by  II.  M.  Queen  Victoria.  She  is  kept  at  the  Shaw  Farm, 
Windsor  Home  Park. 

VIII. -Jersey  cow  "  Abbie  "  (page  123),  owned  by  Mr.  Harvey 
Newton,  of  Southville,  Mass.  She  yielded  from  April,  1876,  to 
March,  1877,  ten  thousand  seven  hundred  pounds  of  milk,  from 
which  four  hundred  and  eighty-six  pounds  of  butter  were  made. 


♦y-sevcn  dolkre 
:  all  waato  foods 
BCTcn  or  tight 
for  by  inembcra 
ar.  Taking  the 
rdlDarlly  buy  a 
!  quarts  per  day 


f    COWS. 

owned  by  A.  B. 
e  week  in  June, 

owned  by  8.  D. 
jnnd  and  eighty 
hthird  pounds  a 
for  the  month, 
owned  by  S.  O. 
twenty  quarts  of 
nadc  twenty-five 

1  by  Mr.  Rendle, 

byD.G.Aldrlch, 
cr  first,  1877,  to 
lundrcd  and  five 
ad  scventy-threo 

I "  (page  85),  im- 

8he  has  yielded 

enty-threo  quarts 

Ith"  (page  101), 
;  the  Shaw  Farm, 


d  by  Mr.  Harvey 
a  April,  1876,  to 
ids  of  milk,  from 
iter  were  made. 


L 


^^W*B»*..^ 


